技术攻关守护安全底线

Technology: Safeguard of Water Quality

饮用水安全有保障

Protection of the Safety of Drinking Water

上海市处于长江、黄浦江下游，水源水质污染较为严重。黄浦江水源水质基本为IV类水体，主要存在有机污染、臭味物质、氨氮、铁、锰、酚、色度偏高等问题；长江水源处于长江下游，基本属于Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水体。水源水质污染的加剧从客观上对水厂处理工艺提出了更高要求。但就水厂处理工艺而言，上海市现行水厂仍主要以常规工艺为主。常规工艺对许多污染物去除能力有限，而新的国家生活饮用水标准已经颁布实施。在水源水质污染与水质标准提高的双重背景下，以现行常规工艺为基础。如何采用高效、经济、可行的手段提高上海市供水水质，确保上海市在不久的将来达到国家最新生活饮用水标准，这是上海市供水行业当前面临的重大挑战。

Shanghai is located at the lower reach of the Yangtze River and Huangpu River， where there is severe raw water pollution. Water quality of the Huangpu River generally belongs to Class IV according to the National Surface Water Standard， with high levels of organic pollutant， odor compound， ammonia nitrogen， iron，manganese， phenol and color， while the Yangtze River’s water quality basically belongs to Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ.Objectively the situation puts forward stricter requirements for the treatment processes of water plants. However，conventional treatment process remains as the mainstream for water plants currently running in Shanghai， which is limited in the removal of many pollutants. Under the background of severer water source pollution and stricter water quality standard (the new national drinking water standard has been promulgated and implemented)， the water industry of Shanghai is faced with a big challenge as how to improve the drinking water quality with efficient， economical and feasible approaches based on the current conventional treatment processes to ensure that the new national drinking water standard can be met in Shanghai in the near future.

青草沙水库浮泥特性及清淤技术

Characteristics of Float Sludge in Qingcaosha Reservoir and Dredging Technology

青草沙库区悬沙均为细颗粒泥沙，中值粒径4～8微米，距离取水口越近则悬沙颗粒越粗，入库泥沙具有从自取水口开始向库尾渐次落淤的趋势，且入库泥沙中的较粗颗粒在进入库区后即在局部水域落淤，扩散范围较小。库区表层底泥区域分异特征明显，取水口区域表层底泥相对略粗，中央沙两侧水道以黏土质粉砂为主，中央沙以东水域表层底泥较为复杂，仍保留了建库时的沉积特征，黏土质粉砂与砂质并存。估算得青草沙水库库区悬沙沉速0.003～0.006厘米/秒、底沙沉速0.007～0.092厘米/秒。库区含沙量存在由小潮向大潮渐次增大的趋势。在空间上库区南侧水域含沙量显著高于北侧水域、西侧水域含沙量显著高于东侧；含沙量在垂向上的垂向分异的特征较为明显。青草沙水库在运行一年后，库区泥沙年总淤积量约为23.12万立方米。

Suspended particles in Qingcaosha Reservoir are mainly fine， with median particle diameter between 4 to 8 μm. The closer to the water intake the larger diameter the particle in the water is of. Particles precipitate along the way from the intake to the tail end of the reservoir. The bigger particles diffuse in small range because they sediment to the bottom soon after flowing into the reservoir. The distribution of the surface sediment at the reservoir bottom has obvious regularity. Particles near the water intake are of relatively larger diameter. The watercourse on both sides of Zhongyangsha is basically covered with argillaceous silty sand. The composition of the surface sediment in the east area of Zhongyangsha bank is rather complicated. It is composed of argillaceous silty sand and chiltern. The characteristic of the sediment has not changed since the reservoir was completed construction. It is estimated that suspended particles sediment at the velocity of 0.003～0.006 cm/s and bottom particles 0.007～0.092 cm/s. Sand concentration of the reservoir tends to be larger with the increase of tide. Sand concentration on the south side of the reservoir is obviously higher than that of the north side， and the west higher than the east. Sand concentration is evidently vertical distributed. After one-year-operation， the sediment in Qingcaosha Reservoir amounts to about 231 200 m3.

扫吸清淤机具针对青草沙水库底层浮泥和流泥流动性强、泥沙粒径小、易起动及扩散的特点，采用类似吸尘器的形式，由泥泵提供真空吸力，通过轻微摆动专用扫吸清淤机具，采用左吸左开和右吸右开的方式，将浮泥和流泥抽吸出来，达到清淤的目的。现场测试得出，扫吸头扫吸厚度基本为60厘米左右，该扫吸清淤专用机具对与青草沙库内流泥相近的土质情况适应性较好，施工工艺简单实用。

The suction sludge remover aims at bottom sludge of Qingcaosha Reservoir with characteristics of high mobility，small particle size and high diffusibility.It functions like a vacuum cleaner， getting vacuum suction from the sludge pump.The machine slightly swings and tools onit start to work on open side， sucking float sludge and mobile sludge. Site test shows that the removable sludge is about 60 cm thick， effective to apply for soil texture similar to the mobile sludge in Qingcaosha Reservoir and the machine operates in a clear and practical manner.

扫吸清淤机具在施工区域示意图
Diagram of suction type sludge remover in the construction area

在实施疏浚过程中，根据需要疏挖的泥层厚度，可预先设定挡水板的转动角度，使挖泥一侧的挡水板抬起的高度符合一次挖泥厚度。绞刀刀片在液压马达驱动下做旋转运动，刀片的旋转运动和绞刀向右的摆动使右侧的泥面不断被挖下并由绞刀内部的吸口吸入。在右侧挡水板抬起的同时，液压系统控制环保绞刀左侧的挡水板下放同样的高度，这样就控制了在向右侧挖泥的期间左侧进入绞刀的水量，从而达到提高挖泥浓度的目的。

When dredging， mangers need to be set beforehand in right angle which makes lift height of the manger on dredging side conform to sludge thickness. The drift blades make rotational movement right-toward swing driven by the hydraulic motor， continuously digging the sludge off on the right side and sucked by the suction part of the drift. When the manger on the right side is lift， hydraulic system controls and makes the manger on the left side of drift lower the same height， thus controlling the water inflow to the drift from the left side when dredging is underway on the right side， as to increase dredging effectiveness.

青草沙库区水体富营养化预控技术集成与应用

Integration and Application of Eutrophication Pre-Control Technologies in Qingcaosha Reservoir

建立了国内首创和规模最大的适合富营养化预控技术及集成应用研究的大型科研实证基地，该基地位于水库上游取水泵闸西侧，面积约32.6万平方米，并模拟青草沙水库水文、水质条件，划定为青草沙水库水循环物理控藻技术研究功能区、高效削磷控藻技术研究功能区、富营养化诱发机制研究功能区、水生生态系统构建和生态控藻技术研究功能区及底泥生态资源化利用研究功能区，为青草沙水库富营养化、藻类预控和水库运行调度等科学问题研究提供了试验条件。

The first and largest scientific research platform of integration and application of eutrophication precontrol technologies in China is located at the west side of the water intake valve on the reservoir’s upstream， covering an area of about 326 000 m2.It is divided into 5 functional zones simulating hydrologic conditions and water quality of Qingcaosha Reservoir， namely， research zone of algae control technology by water circulation，research zone of efficient phosphorus reduction and algae control technology， research zone ofeutrophication inducement mechanism， research zone of aquatic ecosystem establishment and ecological algae control technology， and research zone of ecological utilization of sediment. It provides experimental conditions for scientific research on the pre-control of eutrophication and algae and operation of Qingcaosha Reservoir.

太阳能水循环物理控藻系统设备结构
Structure of algae physical control system by water circulation using solar energy

结合青草沙水库实际情况，根据青草沙水库水质变化和藻类演替规律，综合应用物理、生物、化学等多种富营养化预控技术研究成果，以“主流区水力物理调控为主，滞留区生物生态修复为辅”的水质调控技术思路，分别从水库调度方案优化、主流区域引排自净强化技术、局部区域生态修复技术、应急调度运行方案及控沙促淤措施等方面开展研究，建立了以水体富营养化预控为目标的初步业务化的水库调度运行系统，形成青草沙水库生产调度运行初步方案，为减缓青草沙库区水体富营养化风险提供了技术支撑。

In considerations of realities in Qingcaosha Reservoir， research fruition of eutrophication pre-control technologies encompassing physical， biological and chemical methods is comprehensively applied in compliance with patterns of water quality variation and algae succession. With the technological strategy of“hydraulic physical dispatching in main flow zone as priority， and biological and ecological remediation in stagnant zone as supplement”， an operation system specializing in eutrophication pre-control is tentatively established after researches on operational optimization of self-purification technology by drainage in main flow zone， ecological remediation technology in partial area， emergency operational plan， and sediment control ＆ siltation reduction measures. That will provide technological support for reducing eutrophication in Qingcaosha Reservoir.

青草沙水库典型异臭物质控制关键技术集成与应用(www.xing528.com)

Key Control Techniques of Integration and Application for Typical Odor Control Substances in Qingcaosha Reservoir

青草沙水库在春夏高温期间藻类生长较快，同时，部分藻类能够分泌诸如土臭素等异味挥发性次生代谢产物，极大程度地影响了饮用水口感。为加强对藻类的监测以及对水体臭味成因和治理对策的研究，开发了藻类荧光计数方法和2-甲基异莰醇（2-MIB）的表面增强拉曼光谱检测方法。

Algae in Qingcaosha Reservoir grow faster in summer and part of algae gives off odorous volatile secondary metabolites such as geosmin， contaminating drinking water. Fluorescent methods to measure algae and surfaceenhanced Raman scattering method in measuring 2-MIB is developed to facilitate the study of algae monitor and causes of smelly water and corresponding solutions.

对青草沙水库2-MIB预警的目的在于通过掌握2-MIB浓度的变化，启动相应的原水预处理措施以保证水厂出水2-MIB低于30 ng/L。通过对2-MIB产生原因分析发现，2-MIB的产生与蓝藻在时间和空间规律上具有良好的一致性，特别是与席藻关系密切，与颤藻具有一定的关系。对青草沙水库而言，其2-MIB产生的主要原因是产臭蓝藻，放线菌和沉积物释放对其的影响很小。与此同时，通过对2-MIB暴发相关性分析，选取水温、pH、藻种及蓝藻叶绿素指标，来预警对2-MIB的应急监测。并在此基础上构建2-MIB预警指标体系，初步形成青草沙水库异臭物质暴发预警方法。

The pre-warning system of 2-MIB is to activate corresponding pre-treatment of raw water to make ensure that 2-MIB concentration in effluent is lower than 30 ng/L. By analyzing 2-MIB sources， it is found that 2-MIB distribution correlates well with that of cyanobacteria in both dimensions of time and space， strongly with that of phormidium and with oscillatoria to some degree. In the case of Qingcaosha Reservoir， 2-MIB is mainly emitted by cyanobacteria. According to the analysis， water temperature， pH， algae species and chlorophyll are chosen as the indicators of 2-MIB pre-warning system thus building the pre-warning method for odor substance bloom in Qingcaosha Reservoir.

为有效解决藻类、异臭所引起的制水问题，研发了粉末活性炭PAC除臭和加氯控藻控制技术，并应用于青草沙原水系统。粉末活性炭对2-MIB有很好的吸附效果，当2-MIB≤100纳克/升时，投加10毫克/升的PAC；当100纳克/升＜2-MIB≤200纳克/升时，投加15毫克/升的PAC；当200纳克/升＜2-MIB≤400纳克/升时，至少投加20毫克/升的PAC，当2-MIB＞400纳克/升时，需进一步提高粉炭投加量或与其他预处理方式联合。次氯酸钠能有效地去除藻类，加氯量在0.6～1.0毫克/升能够满足除藻需求，当藻密度上亿时，则需要将加氯量提高到1.5毫克/升以上。实施后，两年间工程实际运行效果良好，预加氯后藻类去除可达70%左右，粉炭对2-MIB的去除率在45%～80%之间，达到各水厂头部原水2-MIB的浓度基本控制在30纳克/升以内，基本未再出现用户针对水体异味的投诉，有效解决了青草沙水库2-MIB引起的原水供应异味问题，保障了原水安全供给。

To solve water-production problem caused by algae and odors， deodorant technologies with PAC(Powdered Activated Carbon) and algae control with chlorine are developed and put into use in Qingcaosha raw water system.It shows that PAC absorbs 2-MIB effectively. 2-MIB in less than 100 ng/L needs 10 mg/L PAC to absorb; 2-MIB in between 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L needs 15 mg/L PAC; 2-MIB in between 200 ng/L and 400 ng/L， needs more than 20 mg/L PAC; 2-MIB in more than 400 ng/L， requires other pre-treatment method combined with PAC.Sodium hypochlorite is proven effective on algae reduction and still meets demands when concentration of sodium hypochlorite adds up to between 0.6～1.0 mg/L. If algae density soars up to 1 billion， the concentration should be minimum1.5 mg/L. In fact， the pre-chlorination treatment can reduce algae up to 70% and PAC between 45%and 80%. It contains the concentration of 2-MIB in raw water within 30 ng/L without a single resident complaint about odor. Thereby， it provides effective solutions on odor problem in raw water attributed to 2-MIB， and safe raw water supply.

微污染江河原水高效净化关键技术与示范

Key Technologies and Demonstration of Micro-polluted River Raw Water High-efficiency Purification

黄浦江原水中的溴离子浓度为200～300微克/升，在臭氧活性炭深度处理过程中会导致溴酸盐的生成。课题在比较溴酸盐高效催化削减技术、溴酸高效分解菌的筛选与分离技术和加氨的溴酸盐抑制技术的效果与工程化应用的可行性基础上，结合水厂的现有工艺设施，采用加氨的溴酸盐抑制技术的工程化改造，并应用在60万立方米/天的临江水厂示范工程中，使得水厂出水的溴酸盐浓度在5微克/升以下。当氨氮含量较低条件下，可通过投加氨氮至0.5毫克/升以上，一定程度上控制其生成。总体来看，通过氨氮投加控制溴酸生成的方法，在一定氨氮浓度范围内可取得一定效果，但当水中氨氮达到一定浓度后，继续投加不会再抑制溴酸的生成。

Concentration of bromide ion in raw water of Huangpu River ranges from 200 to 300 μg/L， which， during advanced treatment of ozone and activated carbon， may produce bromate. Different technologies were compared in terms of their effects and feasibility of engineering application， including high-efficient catalytic reduction of bromate， screening and isolation of high-efficient bromate decomposing microorganisms， and bromate suppression by ammonification. Based on the water plant’s existing facilities， bromate suppression technology by ammonification was adopted and transferred for engineering application in a demonstrative project of Linjiang Water Plant with capacity of 600 000 m3/d， where concentration of bromate in the effluent was below 5 μg/L.Under the low ammonia nitrogen condition， the amount of produced bromate could be controlled within certain range by adding ammonia nitrogen to over 0.5 mg/L. Generally speaking， the method works effectively within a certain concentration range of ammonia nitrogen， but once the concentration of ammonia nitrogen reaches a certain numerical value， no suppression on the production of bromate is observed by further addition.

建立了饮用水中臭味物质的识别鉴定技术体系，并基于此确定了相关异味物质及其来源。该体系涵盖已知臭味物质特征及分析方法的数据库，以及将感官分析和化学分析相结合的未知臭味物质识别鉴定技术。针对已知的臭味物质，建立了特征臭味物质的分析方法及臭味特征数据库，涵盖的异味物质超过6大类60余种化合物，为不同异味物质的分析鉴定提供了基础；针对未知异味特征的样品，通过感官评价技术实现水中整体的臭味种类及强度评价，进而将感官闻测和化学分析相结合，实现水中存在的主要异味及相应致臭物质的识别鉴定。该成果通过将感官分析和化学分析相结合，建立了水中臭味物质的识别鉴定技术体系。利用感官气相色谱/质谱分析和全二维色谱/飞行时间质谱识别鉴定臭味物质，实现不同臭味类型及相应致臭物质的鉴定。解决了长期以来国内供水部门在水质检测中无法对水中异味进行定性定量评价的问题。

A technological system for identifying undesirable taste and odorous substances in water， were established and recognized. The system incorporates a database of characteristics and analysis methods of all known taste and odorous substances， as well as identification technologies integrated with sensory and chemical analytical methods for unknown tastes and odorous substances. For known tastes and odorous substances， analytical methods and a database of characteristics of taste and odorous substances were established， inclusive of over 60 types of tastes and odorous substances in over 6 disciplinary categories. For unknown tastes and odorous substances，the sample’s type and odor intensity were first evaluated by sensory assessment technology. Combined with the chemical analysis technology such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis， and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis， the dominant taste and odor and its relevant substances in water samples could be recognized. This technology filled the academic void of qualification and quantification of tastes and odors in water， which for a long time had haunted domestic watersupply industry.

这些技术在青草沙水库进行应用，为减缓青草沙库区水体富营养化风险、保障上海市青草沙水源地供水水质安全提供了技术支撑，也为其他大型浅池水库富营养化预控提供了技术示范。对青草沙水库的防淤措施、底泥污染物检测方案和后续清淤工程方案制定具有较强的指导意义。藻类荧光计数和2-MIB的表面增强拉曼光谱检测技术满足了青草沙水库藻类和异臭监测体系的需求。

Those technological applications in Qingcaosha Reservoir not only provides technology supports for eutrophication reduction and safeguards water quality in Shanghai， but also gives a technological demonstration for eutrophication pre-control in other large shallow reservoirs. It will further guide sedimentation prevention，detection scheme of bottom sludge pollutants and successive dredging proposal of Qingcaosha Reservoir.Fluorescent method to measure algae and surface-enhanced Raman scattering method in measuring 2-MIB techniques meets the requirement of algae and odor monitoring system of Qingcaosha Reservoir.

研究了上海市供水安全保障的重大需求和原水安全生产的实际需要，对水库底泥特性、营养盐分布情况以及底泥污染物的释放对水体水质的影响开展了详细、全面的研究。这对于指导上海水库内源污染控制和风险预警，提升原水供水水质与供水安全具有重要的科学意义、应用价值和社会效益，有较强的科学前瞻性和应用导向性。

This study aims at the practical demand for safe water supply in Shanghai， making a detailed and comprehensive study on the characteristics of reservoir sludge， distribution of nutrition and the effect of bottom pollutants on water quality， which is of sci-tech value， social benefits， scientific foresight and instrumental of guiding endogenic pollutant control in reservoirs in Shanghai， pre-warning， raw water quality control and water supply safety.

围绕上海饮用水安全需求，紧扣水库运行初期后出现的水体异臭问题，从典型异臭物质监测和识别、暴发预警系统构建、协同控制技术等方面开展系统研究，为青草沙水库典型异臭物质控制提供重要平台基础与科学支撑，同时为我国其他浅水型湖泊水库水体异臭物质监测、控制与稳定运行提供工程应用示范支持，具有广泛的市场价值和经济效益。

Considering water supply requirement in Shanghai and the emerging odor problem after preliminary operation of Qingcaosha Reservoir， researches into the monitoring and identification of typical odors， pre-warning system building， collaborative control technology have been studied . The researches provide not only important platform and scientific support for the control of typical odors， but also provide demonstrative support for shallow lake reservoirs regarding monitoring and control of odors and stable operation of reservoirs， which is of generous market value and economic benefits.

（上海爱启环境技术工程有限公司等单位供稿，朱昊辰等整理）

(Contributed by Shanghai Aiqi Environmental Technology Engineering Co.， Ltd.， sorted by Zhu Haochen， etc.)