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贸易政策审议职能评析

时间:2023-06-11 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:贸易政策审议机制迎来更多的发展机会,贸易政策审议职能不断被强化。然而,发展贸易政策审议机制仍然面临着新的挑战。1997年贸易政策审议报告涵盖97%的WTO争议,2004年下降到43%,2005年为50%。而发达成员的争议被贸易政策审议报告提及的比例平均仅为33%。其次,贸易政策审议机制缺乏成员的充分参与。而即使是相关政策被提请至WTO争端解决机制解决,也只有19%的申诉方在贸易政策审议会议上提及相关争议。

贸易政策审议职能评析

2008年世界金融危机爆发后,WTO多边贸易体制在稳定贸易秩序、避免危机后贸易保护主义政策泛滥进一步恶化国际经济方面发挥了至关重要的作用。其中,贸易政策审议机制发挥了重要作用。贸易政策审议机制通过对主要成员更广泛意义上的贸易政策进行审议,来加强多边贸易体系对其贸易政策内容和实践的监督。WTO每6个月就成员的贸易政策对贸易流动的影响发布报告,这提高了成员政策实施及政策效果的透明度,受被审议方贸易保护政策影响的成员可以以此作为解决双边贸易争议的证据。WTO通过这种方式加强了对成员的监督和引导职能。

近年来,随着包括欧洲和日本在内的成员的要求,提升成员政策透明度的呼声不断高涨。贸易政策审议机制迎来更多的发展机会,贸易政策审议职能不断被强化。然而,发展贸易政策审议机制仍然面临着新的挑战。

首先,贸易政策审议报告的内容不足以反映被审议成员有关贸易政策和实践的真实状况。自2003年以来,在众多WTO争端解决案件中,贸易政策审议报告所提及的比例不断下降。1997年贸易政策审议报告涵盖97%的WTO争议,2004年下降到43%,2005年为50%。而发达成员的争议被贸易政策审议报告提及的比例平均仅为33%。另外,即使争端解决机制的争议被贸易政策审议报告提及,也有近四分之一的此类争议性政策缺乏详细表述。[100]这些数据表明,贸易政策审议报告尚未充分反映被审议成员贸易政策和实践的真实情况,不能为成员协调双边贸易关系提供足够的参考。

其次,贸易政策审议机制缺乏成员的充分参与。据统计,在WTO争端解决机制下只有24%的案件在贸易审议会议上由其他成员向被审议成员提出过。而即使是相关政策被提请至WTO争端解决机制解决,也只有19%的申诉方在贸易政策审议会议上提及相关争议。[101]因此,成员并没有积极利用WTO贸易审议机制,通过多边施压的方式来寻求被审议成员对政策的调整。这背后的原因是多方面的。一方面,发展中成员和欠发达成员由于自身人才和资源的限制,无法充分参与WTO的所有活动;另一方面,WTO贸易政策审议机制由于是WTO法履行的“软监督”,未能对成员履行施以有效的压力,从而导致其监督效果有限。

最后,贸易审议机制自身发展的挑战。由于WTO整体预算的影响,WTO秘书处的人手紧缺问题一直以来都是其面临的主要困难。贸易审议机构面对的是164个成员的咨询和每年超过20个成员审议的繁重任务。尽管贸易政策审议机构是WTO秘书处下面最大的部门,但人手紧缺仍然是其自身发展面临的最大瓶颈。近年来,WTO的人才流动出现经济学家不断离职,而更多法学专家进入机构工作的趋势。对政策经济影响的考察是对成员进行贸易政策审议的重要组成部分,经济学家的离职对于WTO贸易政策审议也有着重要的影响。另外,随着成员政策内容日趋复杂,没有日常的跟踪和研究做支撑,贸易政策审议机构在有限的时间内对一个成员的贸易政策的内容和实践进行梳理,显得愈发难以应对。贸易政策审议机构效率和职能的提升从根本上有赖于机构内部人才的增加,并建立长效的跟踪体系和有效的分工协作机制。

【注释】

[1]Hoekman Bernard.The WTO: Functions and basic principles//Hoekman Bernard, Philip English, Aaditya Mattoo.Development, Trade and the WTO: A handbook.Washingtong D C: World Bank, 2002: 44.

[2]Bagwell Kyle, Robert W Staiger.Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Bilateral Opportunism and the Rules of GATT/WTO.Journal of International Economics, 2005, 67: 268-269.

[3]Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich.Addressing Institutional Challenges to the WTO in the New Millennium: A Longer-term Perspective.Journal of International Economic Law, 2005(8): 649.

[4]这些国家包括伯利兹、中非共和国、多米尼克、斐济、冈比亚、巴布亚新几内亚、塞拉利昂、圣基茨和尼维斯、多哥。

[5]WTO.Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN (01)/DEC/1).(2001-11-20).para.46.

[6]WTO.How the Negotiations Are Organized.[2019-05-15].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/ work_organi_e.htm.

[7]Rolland Sonia E.Redesigning the Negotiation Process at the WTO.Journal of International Economic Law, 2010, 13 (1): 84.

[8]Wolfe Robert.The WTO Single Undertaking as Negotiating Technique and Constitutive Metaphor.Journal of International Economic Law, 2009, 12 (4): 858.

[9]周跃雪.WTO决策机制法律问题研究.北京:法律出版社,2016:83.

[10]Wolfe Robert.The WTO Single Undertaking as Negotiating Technique and Constitutive Metaphor.Journal of International Economic Law, 2009, 12 (4): 858.

[11]Martin Will, Patrick Messerlin.Why Is It So Difficult? Trade Liberalization under Doha Agenda.Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2007, 23 (3): 357.

[12]WTO.Singapore WTO Ministerial 1996, Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN (96)/DEC).(1996-12-18).para.20-21.

[13]Sandrey Ron.WTO and the Singapore Issues.TRALC Working Paper 2016, No.18/2006: 1.

[14]Finger J Michael, Julio Nogus.The Unbalanced Uruguay Round Outcome: The New Areas in Future WTO Negotiations.The World Bank Policy Paper.Washington D C: World Bank, 2011,(2732): 5-6.

[15]Khor Martin.The “Singapore Issues” in the WTO: Evolution and Implication for Developing Countries.Third World Network, 2007: 6.

[16]Rafdah Aziz, Arun Jaitely.Letter to Pierre Pettigrew from Arun Jaitely and Rafidah Aziz//Equations Team.Cancun We Won: A dossier on the WTO failed 5thministerial conference.Bangalore: Equations, 2003: 46-47.

[17]USTR.Zoelick Embarks on Global Push to Make Strong Progress on Doha Negotiations Letter to Trade Ministers.(2004-02-08).https://ustr.gov/archive/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2004/February/Zoellick _Embarks_on_ Global_Push_to_Make_Strong_Progress_on_Doha_Negotiations.html.

[18]Khor Martin.The “Singapore Issues” in the WTO: Evolution and Implication for Developing Countries.Third World Network, 2007: 27.

[19]WTO.Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy.[2019-06-10].https://www.wto.org/english/ tratop_e/comp_e/comp_e.htm.

[20]Anderson Robert D,William E Kovacic, Anna Caroline Muller,Nadezhda Sporysheva.Competition Policy, Trade and Global Economy: Existing WTO Elements, Commitments in Regional Trade Agreements, Current Challenges and Issues for Reflection.WTO Staff Working Paper, 2018, ERSD-18-12.https://www.wto.org/ english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201812_e.pdf.

[21]Elliott Kimberly Ann.The WTO, Agriculture, and Development: A lost cause?.(2018-02-15).Bridge Africa, 2018, 7(1).https://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/the-wto-agriculture-and-development-a-lost-cause.

[22]WTO.Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN (01)/DEC/1).(2001-11-20).para.16.

[23]WTO.Market Access for Non-Agriculture Products, Communication from the European Communities,(TN/MA/W/11).(2002-10-31).

[24]WTO.Non-Agricultural Market Access.[2019-06-12].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/status_e /nama_e.htm.

[25]WTO.Non-Agricultural Market Access.[2019-06-12].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/status_e/ nama_e.htm.

[26]UNEP.Fisheries Subsidies, Sustainable Development and the WTO.Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis, 2011: 144.

[27]UNEP.Fisheries Subsidies, Sustainable Development and the WTO.Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis, 2011: 144.

[28]WTO.Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN (01)/DEC/1).(2001-11-20).para.28.

[29]WTO.Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (WT/MIN(05)/DEC).(2005-12-22).

[30]Food and Agriculture Organization.The State of World Fishery and Agriculture.Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016: 9-10.

[31]WTO.Negotiation on Fisheries Subsidies.[2019-06-12].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ rulesneg_ e/fish_e/fish_e.htm.

[32]WTO.Negotiation on Fisheries Subsidies.[2019-06-12].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/ fish_e/fish_e.htm.

[33]Herman Lawrence,Gary Clyde Hufbauer.Doha Is Dead.(2016-09-11).Foreign Policy.https:// foreignpolicy.com/2011/09/26/doha-is-dead/.

[34]Cho Sungjoon.The Demise of Development in the Doha Round Negotiations.Texas International Journal of Law, 2010, 45: 575.

[35]Hudec Robert E.Enforcing International Trade Law: The Evolution of the Modern GATT Legal System.Waltham: Butterworths Publishing, 1993: 7.

[36]约翰·H.巴顿,朱迪思·L.戈尔斯坦,蒂莫西·E.乔思林,理查德·R.斯坦伯格.贸易体制的演进:GATT与WTO体制中的政治学、法学和经济学.廖诗评,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2013:76.

[37]Jackson John H.Sovereignty, the WTO and Changing Fundamentals of International Law.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 135.

[38]DSU,第4.3条。

[39]DSU,第4.6条。

[40]DSU,第4.7条。

[41]DSU,第4.8、4.9条。

[42]DSU,第8.5条。

[43]DSU,第8.7条。

[44]DSU,第13.9条

[45]DSU附录3,第11条。

[46]DSU,第15.2条。

[47]DSU,第15.3条。

[48]DSU,第16.2条。(www.xing528.com)

[49]DSU,第16.3条。

[50]DSU,第16.4条。

[51]DSU,第17.1条。

[52]DSU,第17.3条。

[53]DSU,第17.6条。

[54]WTO.Working Procedures for Appellate Review (WT/AB/WP/6).(2010-08-16).

[55]Ibid., Rule 3(1).

[56]Ibid., Rule 3(2).

[57]WTO.Working Procedures for Appellate Review (WT/AB/WP/6).(2010-08-16)., Rule 4(1).

[58]WTO.Working Procedures for Appellate Review (WT/AB/WP/6).(2010-08-16).Rule 20 (2).

[59]Ibid.,Rule 23(1).

[60]WTO.Working Procedures for Appellate Review (WT/AB/WP/6).(2010-08-16).Rule 21(2).

[61]Ibid.,Rule 22(2).

[62]DSU,第17.5条。

[63]DSU,第21.3条。

[64]DSU,第22.2条。

[65]DSU,第22.3(a)条。

[66]DSU,第22.3(b)条。

[67]DSU,第22.3(c)条。

[68]Jackson John H.The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations.2ndedition.Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997: 125.

[69]Ehlermann Claus-Dieter.Reflections on the Appellate Body of the WTO.Journal of International Economic Law, 2003, 6(3): 696.

[70]Stoler Andrew L.The WTO Dispute Settlement Process: Did the Negotiation Get What They Wanted?.World Trade Review, 2004, 3 (1): 106.

[71]Bossche Peter Van den.From Afterthoughts to Centerpiece: The WTO Appellate Body and Its Rise to Prominence in the World Trading System.Working Paper of Maastricht University, 2005, 2005/1: 13-14.

[72]Tarullo Daniel K.The Hidden Costs of International Dispute Settlement: WTO Review of Domestic Anti-dumping Decisions.Business, Economics, and Regulatory Policy Working Paper, 2003, No.351080: 3-4.

[73]United States—Anti-dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan (WT/DS184/AB/R).(2001-07-24).para.59-61.EC—Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type Bed Linen from India (WT/DS141/AB/R).(2001-03-01).para.56.

[74]Ghias Shoaib A.International Judicial Lawmaking: A Theoretical and Political Analysis of the WTO Appellate Body.Berkeley Journal of International Law.2006, 24(2): 538.

[75]Greenwald John.WTO Dispute Settlement: An Exercise in Trade Law Legislation.Journal of International Economic Law, 2003 (6): 123.

[76]约翰·H.巴顿,朱迪思·L.戈尔斯坦,蒂莫西·E.乔思林,理查德·R.斯坦伯格.贸易体制的演进:GATT与WTO体制中的政治学、法学和经济学.廖诗评,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2013:78.

[77]According to Professor Jackson, ‘This raises the question of judicial activism or judicial restraint, in other words, the question of whether the Panel is the appropriate place to frame an appropriate rule to accommodate the opposing policy motives involved or, alternatively, whether this task more appropriately belongs to the negotiators”.John H.Jackson.Comments on Shrimp/Turtle and the Products/Process Distinction.European Journal of International Law, 2000, 11(2): 305.

[78]United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (WT/DS58/AB/R).(1998-10-12).para.39.

[79]Sampson Gary.Trade Environment, and the WTO: The Post-Seattle Agenda.Overseas Development Council, 2000: 109.

[80]WTO.Minutes of Meeting of the Dispute Settlement Body (WT/DSB/M/50).(1998-12-14): 4.

[81]曾炜.WTO争端解决的理论与实践.北京:法律出版社.2016:2.

[82]United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (WT/DS58/R).(1998-05-15).para.7.8.

[83]United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (WT/DS58/AB/R).(1998-10-12).para.110.

[84]Ghias Shoaib A.International Judicial Lawmaking: A Theoretical and Political Analysis of the WTO Appellate Body.Berkeley Journal of International Law.2006, 24(2):550.

[85]WTO.Dispute Settlement Activity: Some figures.[2019-07-10].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ dispu_e/dispustats_e.htm.

[86]WTO.Dispute Settlement Activity: Some figures.[2019-07-10].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ dispu_e/dispustats_e.htm.

[87]Davey Williams J.The Sutherland Report on Dispute Settlement: A Comment.Journal of International Economic Law, 2005, 8(2): 321-328.

[88]WTO.Dispute Settlement Activity: Some figures.[2019-07-10].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ dispu_e/dispustats_e.htm.

[89]Ibid..

[90]WTO.30 Years of Trade Policy Review Mechanism.[2019-07-15].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e /tpr_e/tprm30_e.htm.

[91]Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.Annex 3: Trade Policy Review Mechanism.A (i).

[92]WTO.30 Years of Trade Policy Review Mechanism.[2019-07-15].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e /tpr_e/tprm30_e.htm.

[93]WTO.Amendment of Trade Policy Review Mechanism (WT/L/1014).(2017-07-27).1(a)-(c).

[94]Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.Annex 3: Trade Policy Review Mechanism.C (iv).

[95]Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.Annex 3: Trade Policy Review Mechanism., C (v).

[96]Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.Annex 3: Trade Policy Review Mechanism.D.

[97]Ibid..

[98]Karlas Jan,Michael Parizek.The Process Performance of the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism: Peer-Reviewing Reconsidered.Global Policy, 2019: 2.

[99]Ibid., p.1.

[100]Ghosh Arunabha.Developing Countries in the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism.World Trade Review, 2010, 9(3): 442.

[101]Ghosh Arunabha.Developing Countries in the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism.World Trade Review, 2010, 9(3): 442.

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