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名词性从句的引导词及其功能

时间:2026-01-23 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:名词性从句是指在句中起名词性作用的句子,功能相当于名词词组。1 引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词主要有三类: 连接动:that, whether, if① 这三个连词在句中只起连接作用,不担任句子成分。② that和whether可以引导所有的名词性从句,而if 引导名词性从句时,主要引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句。Whoever did this will be punished. 无论是谁干的,都将会受到惩罚。例 谁表现最好就拿第一名。

名词性从句是指在句中起名词性作用的句子,功能相当于名词词组。根据名词性从句在句中的不同语法功能,名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1 引导名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词主要有三类:

(1) 连接动:that, whether, if

① 这三个连词在句中只起连接作用,不担任句子成分。其中whether和if本身有意义,表示“是否……”,均不能省略;that本身无意义,一般可省略但在介词之后或者引导主语从句和同位语从句时不可省略。

例 That he passed the exam is unbelievable. 他顺利通过考试真是难以置信。 (that此处引导主语从句,不能省略)

The news that we are invited to New York University is encouraging. 我们被邀请到纽约大学的消息令人鼓舞。(that此处引导同位语从句,不可省略)

The problem is (that) we have never seen him. 问题是我们从来没有见过他。

(that此处引导表语从句,可省略)

I think (that) you are right. 我认为你是对的。(that此处引导宾语从句,可省略)

② that和whether可以引导所有的名词性从句,而if 引导名词性从句时,主要引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句。

例 Whether you come or not makes no difference. 你来不来都没有区别。(这里whether引导位于句首的主语从句,不能用if)

It is not known whether / if he is coming. 他来不来不得而知。(这里whether/if引导不在句首的主语从句,均可使用)

I don’t know whether / if she will come here today. 我不知道她今天是否会过来。

(这里whether/if引导宾语从句,均可使用)

③ whether后面可以接不定式,而if则不能。

例 He didn’t know whether to leave or to wait. 他不知道是离开还是继续等候。(后接不定式,不用if)

I don’t know whether to get married or to pursue my career. 我不知道现在应该结婚还是继续追求我的事业。(后接不定式,不用if)

④ whether后面可直接跟or not或or no,构成whether or not或whether or no, if不可以。

例 It is hard to tell whether or not he can finish the task in time. 很难看出来他能不能按时完成这项工作。(不用if)

He will leave for Japan, whether or no. 他无论如何都会动身去日本。(不用if)

(2) 连接代动who谁(主格),whom谁(宾格),whose谁的(所有格), what什么……的东西,which哪一个,哪一些,whatever无论什么, whichever无论哪一个,whoever无论谁,whosever谁的

① 该类连接词在句中既起连接作用,同时又作相应的句子成分,一般不能省略。

例 Who believes that thing is so naive. 相信那件事情的人太天真。(who引导主语从句,同时作从句的主语)

He asked whom I lend money to. 他问我把钱借给了谁。(whom引导宾语从句,同时作从句的宾语)

I don’t know whose book it is. 我不知道这是谁的书。(whose引导宾语从句,同时作从句的表语)

That is what he said to me. 这就是他对我说的。(what引导表语从句,同时作从句的宾语)

Which team has won the debate is not known yet. 还不知道哪个队赢得了这场辩论赛。(which引导主语从句,同时作从句的定语)

Whatever I have is yours. 我所拥有的一切都是你的。(whatever引导主语从句,同时作从句的宾语)

Buy whichever is best. 买最好的那一个。(whichever引导宾语从句,同时作从句的主语)

Whoever did this will be punished. 无论是谁干的,都将会受到惩罚。(whoever引导主语从句,同时作从句的主语)

Whosever idea you borrowed will not be used. 无论你借鉴谁的想法,都不能用。(whose引导主语从句,同时作从句的定语)

② 这些连接代词同时起连接和充当句子成分的作用,其后不能再使用连词。

例 谁表现最好就拿第一名。

I will give the first prize to whoever that performs the best. (×)

I will give the first prize to whoever performs the best. (√)

(3) 连接副动 when(什么时候,何时),where(什么地方),how(怎样), why(为什么)

① 连接副词同样起双重作用,在句中既是连接词,又作状语。

例 When we start this program is still a question. 我们何时开始这个项目仍然是个未知数。(when引导主语从句,同时作从句的时间状语)

That’s where he used to live.那就是他从前住的地方。(where引导表语从句,同时作从句的地点状语)

The question is how we get the money. 问题是我们如何拿到那笔钱。(how引导表语从句,同时作从句的方式状语)

I don’t know why she is not coming. 我不知道她为什么没有过来。(why引导宾语从句,同时作从句的原因状语)

② 连接副词引导名词性从句时,一般用陈述语序。

例 他准备如何展示它还不得而知。

How is he going to show it is not known. (×)

How he is going to show it is not known. (√)

我想要确认公交车站到底在什么位置。

I want to make sure where is the bus station. (×)

I want to make sure where the bus station is. (√)

2 主语从句

① 主语从句(Subject Clause)在复合句中充当主语时,一般出现在句首,谓语动词之前。

例 That you will learn something from this experience is certain. 你能从这次经历中学到东西是肯定的。

When he will be back is still unknown. 他什么时候回来还不知道。

What you have in mind doesn’t interest me. 你想些什么,我没有兴趣。

Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

How this happened is not clear. 这件事怎么发生的,尚不清楚。

② 许多情况下,为了平衡句子结构,常用it代替主语从句,将真正的主语从句后置,it是形式主语。

例 Who will take charge of it is not important. (= It is not important who will take charge of it.) 谁会负责这件事情已经不重要了。(it是形式主语,代替主语从句whowilltakechargeofit)

That I liked chemistry seemed strange to my mother. (= It seemed strange to my mother that I liked chemistry.) 我喜欢化学这件事让我母亲觉得很奇怪。(it是形式主语,代替主语从句thatIlikedchemistry)

注:that引导主语从句不能省略。

Where this meeting is to be held has not been decided. (= It has not been decided where this meeting is to be held.)在哪里开会还没决定。(it是形式主语,代替主语从句where this meeting is to be held)

③ 当what表示“……的东西”时,一般不用it作形式主语。另外,连接代词whatever, whoever, whichever引导的主语从句一般也不用it作形式主语。

例 你所需要的是更多的经验。

What you need is more experience. (√)

It is more experience what he needs. (×)

凡是完成作业的人都可以休息。

Whoever finishes the homework may rest. (√)

It may rest whoever finishes the homework. (×)

④ it作形式主语的常用主语从句结构

➲ 主语+名词+从句

It is a pity that ... 遗憾的是……

It is a fact that ... 事实是……

It is an honor that ... ……非常荣幸

It is a shame that ... ……真是可耻

It is a common knowledge that ... ……是常识

It is a wonder that ... ……真是个奇迹

➲ 主语+形容词+从句

It is amazing that ... 令人惊奇的是……

It is obvious that ... 显而易见……

It is fortunate that ... 幸运的是……

It is possible that ... 很可能……

It is likely/unlikely that ... ……很可能/不可能

It is strange that ... 奇怪的是……

➲ It+过去分词+从句

It is said that ... 据说……

It is reported that ... 据报道……

It must be pointed out that ... 必须指出……

It has been proved that ... 已证明……

It is estimated that ... 据估计……

It is believed that ... 据认为……

3 宾语从句

宾语从句(Object Clause)在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。(https://www.xing528.com)

(1) 作动动的宾语

① that引导的宾语从句常跟在think, believe, hope, wish, feel, expect, remember, consider, know, suppose等动词后面,that可省略。

例 I think (that) he is right. 我认为他是正确的。

I believe (that) practice makes perfect. 我相信熟能生巧。

I wish (that) my parents can understand me. 我希望我的父母可以理解我。

I remember (that) all my classmates passed the exam. 我记得所有的同学都通过了考试。

I know (that) you will help me review English. 我知道你会帮助我复习英语。

② what, when, how, which, why, who, whom, whatever, whoever, whomever, whether / if也可引导宾语从句,常跟在ask, discuss, doubt, wonder, find out, imagine, show, know等动词后面。

例 I don’t know what she has bought for my birthday. 我不知道她买了什么送我当生日礼物。

I tried to find out how this accident happened. 我试图找出这次事故是如何发生的。

I showed them why the price is falling down in the past three months. 我向他们展示了过去三个月价格下跌的原因。

I doubt whether the news is true or not. 我怀疑这消息是否属实。

I wonder if that girl is lost. 我想知道那个女孩是不是迷路了。

(2) 作介动的宾语

例 Just look at what you did to him. 看看你都对他做了些什么。

I don’t care about what others think of me. 我不在乎别人是怎么看我的。

The success of this program depends on how well we cooperate. 项目的成功取决于我们合作得如何。

It is a question of whether we should go. 问题是我们是否应该走。

注: whether和if引导宾语从句通常可以互换,但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether,不用if。

(3) 作形容动的宾语

that引导的从句常常跟在afraid, anxious, clear, confident, certain, determined, delighted, disappointed, satisfied, sure, surprised等形容词后面作宾语,that有时可以省略。

例 I am afraid that she is not coming. 我担心她不会来了。

The teacher is clear that this is a difficult point to the students. 老师很清楚,这对于学生来说是个难点。

We are confident that things will go better and better. 我们有信心,事情会越来越好的。

My mother is satisfied that I became a college teacher. 我成了一名大学老师,我母亲对此十分满意。

(4) it作形式的宾语

正如it可以作形式主语,代替真正的主语从句一样,it也可作形式宾语,代替引导真正的宾语从句放在句尾,尤其是在带复合宾语的句子中。it作形式宾语的结构为“及物动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句”,that一般不可省略。

例 We consider it necessary that you have a better understanding of this part. 我们认为你有必要进一步了解这一部分。(it是形式宾语,代替that引导的真正宾语从句)

He has made it clear that he won’t agree to the plan. 他说得很清楚,他不会同意这个计划的。(it是形式宾语,代替that引导的真正宾语从句)

4 表语从句

表语从句(Predicative Clause)位于句中的系动词之后,在句中作表语。一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。

① 连接表语从句的常用系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that可以省略。

例 This is how Mary lives. 玛丽就是这样生活的。

It seems (that) it is going to snow. 看起来天要下雪了。

Home is where you can find love and comfort. 家就是你能得到爱和安慰的地方。

Her first question is whether John has arrived yet. 她的第一个问题是约翰是否已经到了。

That is why I love her. 这就是我爱她的原因。

注:表语从句可以用whether引导表示“是否……”,但不用if。

② 当主句的主语是reason时,表语从句的连接词要用that,不能用because。结构为“the reason why ... is / was that”。

例 The reason why he did not come is that he was ill. 他没来的原因是他生病了。

The reason why he was punished is that he made a huge mistake. 他被惩罚的原因是他犯了一个大错。

注:注意区分以下句式:

That’s why+结果

That’s because+原因

The reason why ... is/was that ...

He was careless in his work. That’s why he was fired. 他工作粗心,这就是他被解雇的原因。

He was fired. That’s because he was careless in his work. 他被解雇了,这是因为他工作粗心。

The reason why he was fired was that he was careless in his work. 他被解雇的原因是他工作粗心。

5 同位语从句

同位语从句(Appositive Clause)就是跟在名词后面、对名词作进一步解释、表达名词具体内容、起解释说明作用的从句。

① 能接同位语从句的常见名词

belief(相信), fact(事实),hope(希望),idea(想法),doubt(怀疑),news(消息),rumor(传闻),conclusion(结论),evidence(证据), suggestion(建议),problem(问题),order(命令),decision(决定), explanation(解释),possibility(可能性),question(问题),information(消息),opinion(意见),rule(规定),view(观点)等。

② 同位语从句一般由that引导,但也可以用连接代词what, which, who,连接副词when, where, how, why或者whether引导。That引导同位语从句一般不可省略。

例 The news that I have passed the exam is true. 我通过考试的消息是真的。

There is a possibility that he is a spy. 他有可能是个间谍。

I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么。

The question who will take his place is still unknown. 关于谁会替代他这个问题仍是未知数。

He was not sure about the final decision which side will attend the meeting. 关于哪一方将出席大会的决定,他还是不太确定。

Nobody could explain the problem why the computer suddenly broke down. 没有人能解开这台电脑突然坏掉的问题。

We haven’t settled question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.我们还是没有解决暑假去哪里玩的问题。

I have no idea how he went home. 我不知道他是怎么回家的。

It is hard for him to make the decision whether he should go to the party. 他很难决定是否要去参加派对。

注:引导同位语从句表示“是否……”时不用if。

③ 除了连接词之外,可以充当同位语的还可以是名词词组、代词、数词、不定式短语、形容词词组、副词、介词短语等。

例 The wounded, his grandma, has been sent to hospital. 伤者是他的奶奶,已经被送进了医院。(名词词组)

We all have our advantages. 我们都有自己的优势。(代词)

He always remembers his lucky number, 5. 他总是记得他的幸运数字,5(。数词)

There is one thing he will never do—to tell lies. 有一件事他绝不会做——撒谎。(不定式)

All the countries, big or small, are equal. 所有的国家不论大小,一律平等。(形容词词组)

The English teacher asked the students to pronounce so—clearly, correctly, and fluently. 英语老师要求学生们这样发音——要清晰,正确,流畅。(副词)

She left last month—that is, in October this year. 她是上个月,也就是今年10月离开的。(介词短语)

④ 同位语从句和定语从句的区别

➲ 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时又在句中作某个成分,that充当宾语时可以省略;而同位语中的that是连词,只是起连接主句和从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分,that一般不可省。

➲ 定语从句的功能是修饰先行词,相当于形容词,对先行词加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句的功能等同于先行词,对名词作补充说明。

➲ 定语从句不能用whether, how等连词连用,同位语从句可以。

试比较:

例 The fact that he had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody. 他在大会上什么也没说,这个事实让所有人感到惊讶。(同位语从句,that起引导作用,补充当句子成分,不可以省略)

The fact (that) you are talking about at the meeting surprised everybody. 你在大会上讲的事实让所有人感到惊讶。(定语从句,that在从句中作talkingabout的宾语,可以省略)

图示雅思/托福真题解析

1. What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day.

分析 这是一个主从复合句。what 引导的是主语从句,that引导的是表语从句。

译文 然而,无可争议的是,玛丽玫瑰号在那一天沉入索伦特海峡。

2. So it is important that the contract includes details of what will be allowed and how much extra will be charged on top of the costs of rebuilding or alteration.

分析 这是一个主从复合句。it是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,该从句中又包含两个宾语从句,分别由what和how much引导,这两个宾语从句是同等关系,由and连接,作介词of的宾语。

译文 所以合同一定要包含可改动的细节以及重建和改建的费用。

3. As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.

分析 claims that在句中作同位语从句。

分句1: that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health

分句2: claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore

分句2嵌套分句1,分句 1作为分句2主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知,并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health,意为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康

译文 结果,那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知,并成为一些民间说法的基础。

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