掌握状语从句的常用连接词及其功能

如果一个从句被用作状语，功能相当于副词并修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，那么该从句就是状语从句。根据其作用，可分为九大类，分别为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的和结果从句。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词。

1 时间状语从句

① 引导时间状语从句的常用连接词有:

连词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, once, till, (not) until, whenever (no matter when), as long as, no sooner ... than, hardly / scarcely / barely ... when ... 等；

副词：immediately, directly, instantly等；

名词短语：the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time等；

介词短语：by the time等。

② when, whenever, while和as引导时间状语从句

a. when在表示“当……时候”既可以引导持续性动作，也可以引导短暂性动作；引导从句的动作既可以和主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句动作。

例 Come to my office when the bell rings. 铃一响就来我办公室。（从句为短暂性动作）

I learned piano when I was young. 我年轻时学过钢琴。（从句为持续性动作）

When you come back, you will find that she has totally changed. 你回来后将会发现她已经完全变了。（从句先于主句动作发生）

I am sure you will remember him when you saw the picture. 我相信你一看到照片就会想起他这个人了。（从句和主句动作同时发生）

b. whenever指的是“任何一个不具体的时间”，表示“每当……；无论何时”。

例 Whenever I talked to him, he seemed rather patient. 我无论什么时候跟他讲话，他都看起来相当有耐心。

I always came here whenever I felt upset. 每当我不开心，我总是会来这儿。

c. while引导时间状语从句，从句的动作必须为延续性动作，并且强调主句的情况发生在从句动作发生的时间段内。

例 He entered the classroom while we were having the class. 正当我们上课的时候他走进了房间。

Strike the iron while it’s still hot. 趁热打铁。

d. as引导时间状语从句，所表示的动作与主句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。译为“一边……一边”；也可表示相随渐变的情况，常译为“随着……”。

例 The army burnt the crops and homes as they went. 军队一边撤退，一边焚毁沿途的庄稼和民居。

She sang as she walked. 她边走边唱。

As time passed, things seemed to get better. 随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得越来越好了。

③ as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, no sooner ... than, hardly / scarcely / barely ... when ... ，immediately, directly, instantly引导时间状语从句

这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生，通常译为“一……就”。

例 I shall come as soon as I finished the task. 任务一完成我就过来。

She went to the hospital the moment she heard of the accident. 她一听说出事故了就立马去了医院。

The minute you came, we can start. 你一来我们就可以开始了。

Tell him the news the second you see him. 你一见到他就马上告诉他这个新闻。

I will call you the instant I arrive there. 我一到那就给你打电话。

The thief ran away immediately he saw the police. 小偷一见到警察就立马逃走了。

She went to see him directly she got the letter. 她一收到信就去看他了。

Instantly the bell rang, the students left the classroom. 铃声一响，学生们就离开了教室。

注： no sooner... than, hardly / scarcely / barely ... when ... 这几个词组在引导状语从句时，表示主句和从句动作相继发生，意为“一……就，刚……就”。在这种结构中，主句动词通常用过去完成时，从句动词通常为一般过去时。若把no sooner, scarcely, hardly, barely放句首，需用部分倒装结构。

He had hardly / scarcely / barely gone out when it began to rain. 他刚走天就下雨了。

Hardly / scarcely / barely had he gone out when it began to rain. 他刚走天就下雨了。

No sooner had he sat down than the phone rang. 他刚坐下电话就响了。

④ till和until引导时间状语从句

a. 在肯定句中，till和until引导状语从句表示“某动作一直延续到某一时间点才停止”，这时主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词。till和until在这种情况下可以互换。

例 You may stay here till / until the rain stops.你得在这里待到雨停。

Please wait till / until I finished the book. 请等到我看完这本书为止。

b. 在否定句中，till和until引导状语从句表示“某动作直到某时间点才开始”，这时主句谓语必须为非延续性动词，从句为肯定式。till和until在这种情况下可以互换。

例 He won’t go to bed till / until she returns. 直到她回来他才睡。

He didn’t leave till / until the rain stopped. 雨停了他才离开。

c. 如果对第二点中的否定句进行强调，用until，不用till。强调句型为“It is / was not until ... that ...”。

例 It isn’t until she returns that he goes to bed. 直到她回来他才睡。

It wasn’t until the rain stopped that he left. 直到雨停了他才离开。

d. not until如果位于句首，主句则需要倒装。

例 我直到昨天才见到那位作家。

I didn’t see the writer until yesterday.

Not until yesterday did I see the writer. （本句notuntil提前，需要倒装）

⑤ before和since引导时间状语从句

a. before引导时间状语从句表示“还未……就……”“不到……就……”“……才……”“趁还没来得及……”。

例 Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 他们还没到车站，火车就开走了。

Please write down the details of the event before you forget it. 趁你还没忘,请把事件的细节写下来。

One does not know the importance of health before one loses it. 人们失去了健康才知道健康的重要性。

b. “It will be＋时间段＋before从句”表示“多久之后才……”。

例 It will be five hours before I come back. 5个小时之后我才会回来。

It won’t be long before we meet again. 过不了多久我们就会又见面了。

c. since引导时间状语从句，从句动作多为非延续性动词，为肯定含义，表示“自从……有多久”。

例 It has been three years since we lived here. 我们住在这已经三年了。

He has worked in this city since he graduated from the university. 他大学毕业后就一直在这个城市工作。

d. since引导时间状语从句，若从句动作为延续性动词或者状态动词的过去式，为否定意义，表示“自从结束/完成……起有多久”。

例 It has been three years since I smoked. 我戒烟已经有三年了。（这里smoke为延续性动作，表示结束吸烟，即戒烟的时间有三年，而不是吸烟的时间）

How long is it since you were in Zhengzhou? 你离开郑州有多久了？（这里youwerein是状态的过去式，表示否定意义，即离开郑州，而非居住在郑州）

2 地点状语从句

① 引导地点状语从句的常用连接词有：where, wherever, everywhere等。地点状语从句可以放在主句之前，也可放于主句之后。where指“在某个地方”， wherever 指“在任何一个地方”，everywhere指“每一……地方”。

例 You should put the book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方。

Wherever you go, you should remember what I said. 不论到什么地方，你都应该记住我说的话。

The dog followed me everywhere I went. 我去哪里这只狗都跟着我。

② where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句前面。

Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方就有生命。

3 条件状语从句

① 引导条件状语从句的常用连接词有：

常用引导词：if, unless

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose/supposing that, in case that, on condition that, once

② if 和unless引导条件状语从句

if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。

例 We’ll start this project if you agree. 如果你同意的话我们就开始这个项目。

If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the park. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去公园。

I shall go tomorrow unless it rains. 除非明天下雨，否则我就要走了。（如果明天不下雨，我就要走了。）

I am not going to meet him unless you come with me. 除非你和我一起，否则我是不会见他的。（如果你不和我一起的话，我就不会见他。）

注： if... not和unless通常是可以互换的。

你如果不复习这门课的话，就很难及格。

If you don’t review the subject, it is hard for you to pass it.

Unless you review the subject, it is hard for you to pass it.

③ as / so long as, only if, suppose / supposing (that), providing / provided (that), in case (that), on condition (that)引导条件状语从句

这些连词（词组）引导条件状语从句，意思相近，表示“如果，只要，假如，假使，在……条件下”等意义。

例 As / So long as you don’t give up, you shall succeed. 只要你不放弃，你就会成功。

Only if we keep on trying, we will make greater progress. 只要我们继续努力，就能取得更大的进步。

Suppose / Supposing that you are alone in the desert, how do you seek help? 假使你一个人在沙漠的话，你会如何求救？

He can go with us, provided / providing that he admits his mistake. 只要他肯承认错误，就可以跟我们一起走。

Let me know in case she comes. 如果她来，告诉我一声。

I can lend you money on condition that you pay it back in two weeks. 我可以借钱给你，条件是你两周之内归还。

④ once引导条件状语从句

once引导条件状语从句表示“一旦；一……便……”。

例 Once I went to college, I will be free. 我一旦上了大学就自由了。

Once in bed, the kids usually stay there till the night. 孩子们一旦上了床，就会待在床上不下来，一直到晚上。

4 原因状语从句

① 引导原因状语从句的连词有：because, since, as, for, now (that), seeing (that), considering (that), in that等。

② because, since, as和for 引导原因状语从句

a. because表示因果关系时语气最强，用来回答why的提问，一般放在主句后面（也可放在主句前）。since表示一种附带的原因，或者表示已知的、显然的理由，意为“既然”，引导的从句经常放在句首。as表示的理由比较弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句，通常放在主句前。for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，且不可以位于主句前，通常以逗号和主句分开。

例 He didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill. 他因为生病所以没来开会。

Since you come earlier, you can start now. 既然你提前来了，现在就可以开始了。

As she was young, she was not qualified for this task. 因为她还年轻，还胜任不了这份工作。

I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her. 我不知道她是年老还是年轻，因为我从未见过她。

b. 强调原因状语只能用“it is because that”结构，这里的because不能换成since, as或for。

例 It was because he was late that he didn’t go with us. 正因为他来晚了，才没有和我们一起去。（because这里不能换成since,as或for）

It was because she was too careless that she lost her job. 她正是因为太粗心才丢了工作。

c. for引导原因状语从句还可以表示推断式解释，这时不能和because等其他连接词相互替换。

例 There must be no one in the house, for the door is closed. 门关着，屋子里准没人。

（这里门关着并不是屋子里没有人的原因，只能从“门关着”推测出“屋子里没有人”，不可用because）

The fuel must have been finished, for the car stopped. 燃料一定是用完了，因为车停了。（这里表示推测，不可用because）

③ now (that), seeing (that), considering (that)和in that引导原因状语从句这几个连词同since, as意义相近，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因是……”的意思。

例 Now (that) problems are solved, nothing needs to be done. 既然问题已经解决了，也就不需要做什么了。

Seeing (that) she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor. 鉴于她病情严重，他们派人请了医生。

Considering (that) you are new here, I will not be that strict on you this time. 考虑到你是新人，我这次就不那么严格要求你了。

This is not an ideal job in that it pays little. 这不是份理想的工作，因为薪水不高。

5 让步状语从句

① 让步状语从句的常用连接词有：

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词：as (用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while (一般用在句首)，no matter... ，in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever(www.xing528.com)

② though, although, even if和even though引导让步状语从句

这几个词和短语都有“虽然，尽管，即使”的意思。even if和even though语气较强，though和although语气较弱。它们引导的让步状语从句可以放在主句前也可放在主句后。

例 Although / Though / Even though / Even if she is poor, she is very happy. 她虽然穷困，但是却很幸福。

We will go there even though / even if it is raining. 即使下雨，我们也要过去。

注： though和although不能和but连用，如果要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，可在主句前加yet, still或nevertheless。

Although everyone agrees with her, yet I still doubt what she said. 尽管所有人都同意她的意见，但我还是怀疑她说的话。（不能用but）

Though she got a promotion, still she looks unhappy. 她虽然升职了，但依旧看上去不开心。（不能用but）

③ while引导让步状语从句时，意义上相当于although，突出主句和从句所表示的两种差异的情况。

例 While I understand your ideas, I don’t agree with you. 尽管我理解你的想法，但是我还是不同意你所说的。

He is experienced while he is young. 他虽然很年轻，但是很有经验。

④ whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever和however这几个词引导让步状语从句相当于no matter what / when / where / who / which / how，意思是“无论什么，无论何时，无论何处，无论谁，无论哪一个，无论如何”，表示无论在什么条件下进行随意的选择。

例 Whatever happens (=no matter what happens), I shall never give up on you. 无论发生什么，我都不会放弃你的。

Wherever you go (=no matter where you go) , I will go with you. 不管你到哪里，我都会陪着你。

Whenever you come (=no matter when you come), I will always welcome you.不论你什么时候来，我都会欢迎你。

Whoever you are (=no matter who you are), you must obey the law. 不论是谁，都必须遵守法律。

Whichever you like (=no matter which one you like), I will buy it for you. 无论你喜欢哪一个，我都会给你买。

However mean your life is (=no matter how mean your life is), meet it and live it. 不论你的生活如何卑贱，你都要直面它活下去。

⑤ whether ... or(not)引导让步状语从句

whether ... or(not)可以引导让步状语从句，提供两个对比的情况，意为“不管……”。

例 Whether it rains or not, I shall visit you tomorrow. 不管下不下雨，我明天都会去拜访你。

Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。

Whether he is rich or poor, I’ll marry him all the time. 不管他是贫穷还是富裕，我都会嫁给他。

⑥ in spite of the fact和despite the fact that引导让步状语从句表示“尽管……”。

例 In spite the fact / Despite the fact that he was busy, he came to the station to meet us. 尽管他很忙，他还是到车站来接我们了。

In spite the fact / Despite the fact that the weather was terrible, we enjoyed our holiday. 尽管天气很糟糕，我们的假期仍然过得很愉快。

⑦ as和though引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as必须用倒装结构， though可用也可不用倒装。这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。作表语的名词前如果有不定冠词a/an，在倒装结构中，前面不能再加冠词。结构为：形容词/副词/动词/名词+ though / as +主语+谓语。

例 Fool though / as he is, Peter would never do this. 彼得再傻也绝不会做这种事情。

Much as / though I like English, I am going to choose math as my major. 虽然我喜欢英语，但我还是打算选数学作为我的专业。

Fail as / though he did, he would never give up. 尽管他失败了，但他绝不会放弃。

Child as / though he was, he was very mature. 他虽然还是个孩子，却非常成熟。

6 方式状语从句

① 方式状语从句的连接词有：as, just as, as if, as though等。

② as和just as引导方式状语从句

这两个连词的意思是“如……，犹如……，正如……，依照……”，just as比as更为强调。

例 Please do it as I told you. 请照我讲的去做。

When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。

Just as water is the most important of liquids, so reading is the most important to growth. 正如水是最重要的液体一样，阅读对一个人的成长也是最重要的。

③ as if和as though引导方式状语从句

as if / as though意为“好像，仿佛”，引导的从句可以用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。若使用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。

例 It looks as if / as though it is going to rain. 天看起来好像要下雨了。

She closed her eyes as if / as though she were tired. 她闭上眼睛，似乎累了。

He treats me as if I were a stranger. 他待我如陌生人。（这里使用虚拟语气）

④ the way(that), how也可引导方式状语从句，意为“按照……的方式”。

例 Do it the way (that) you were told. 要按照告诉你的方式去做。

You should behave how your father does. 你应该把你父亲的行为当作榜样。

7 比较状语从句

① 比较状语从句用来表达人或事物的属性或特征的不同程度，常由as ... as （和……一样），not as / so ... （不像……那样），than（比……），the+比较级（越……越……）引导。

② as+原级+as结构，表示“和……一样”，用于同等程度的比较。第一个as是副词，含“如此”的意思，在主句说明所比内容的程度；第二个as是连词，引导比较状语从句。

例 Our classroom is as big as yours. 我们的教室跟你们的一样大。

I hope you like it as much as I do. 我希望你跟我一样喜欢它。

She dances as gracefully as her sister. 她的舞姿同她的妹妹一样优雅。

③ not so / as ... as结构，表示“不像……那样，不如”。第一个as / so是副词，修饰其后的形容词或者副词；第二个as是连词，引导比较状语从句。

例 The weather is not so warm as it was last spring. 天气不如去年春天那么暖和。

The work did not go so smoothly as we hoped. 这工作并不像我们希望的那样顺利。

④ 形容词/副词的比较级+than+被比较的对象，表示两个人或事物在某些方面的差别。其中than是连词，引导从句。

例 He runs faster than you do. 他比你跑得快。

She looks more beautiful than her mother does. 她长得比她母亲更漂亮。

注：比较状语从句的动词，如果跟主句的动词一致，且为行为动词时，常用do (does, did)替换，避免重复。

⑤ the +比较级……，the+比较级……结构表示“越……就越……”。一般是从句在前，主句在后。

例 The sooner it is, the better it is. 越快越好。

The more I listened, the more bored I became. 我越听越烦。

The earlier you start, the faster you will finish it. 你开始得越早，完成得就越快。

The more I read the book, the better I like it. 这本书我越读越喜欢。

注：这种结构的句子若前后主谓一致，经常使用省略形式，例如：

The more (it is), the better (it is). 越多越好。

The higher the temperature (it is), the greater the pressure (it is). 温度越高，压强越大。

8 目的状语从句

① 引导目的状语的连词主要有：so that, in order that, in case, for fear等。

例 Study hard so that you can pass the test. 努力学习才能顺利通过考试。

In order that everybody should hear him, he speaks loudly. 为了使大家都能听见，他大声说话。

Please remind me of the appointment, in case I forget. 万一我忘记了，提醒我约会的时间。

Shut the door for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关好以防下雨。

② so that 引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可只用so。

例 Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。

I’ll show you so you can see how it’s done. 我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样做。

③ “so that+句子”和“in order that+句子”均可转化成in order to或so as to结构。

例 She went to the center of the city so that she can buy some clothes. (= She went to the center of the city so as to buy some clothes.) 她到市中心，为的是买些衣服。

He tried to explain it again in order that he can make more people understand. (=

He tried to explain it again in order to make more people understand.) 他又解释了一遍，以便更多的人理解。

注： in case既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定。

Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. 带把伞，以防下雨。（目的状语从句）

Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 要是遇到困难就告诉我。（条件状语从句）

9 结果状语从句

① 引导结果状语从句的常见连接词有：so ... that, such ... that, so that等。其常用的结构为：

so+形容词/副词/动词+that

so+形容词+a / an+单数名词+that

so+形容词+复数名词

so+形容词+不可数名词

such+a / an+形容词+单数名词+that

such+形容词+复数名

such+that

例 He was so angry that he couldn’t speak. 他气得连话都说不出来。

She was so clever a girl that her parents were very proud of her. 这个女孩非常聪明，父母都以她为傲。

They were so brave soldiers that they were not afraid of death. 他们是多么勇敢的士兵啊，不惧死亡。

He earned so little money that he could hardly support his family. 他挣的钱太少，难以养家糊口。

It was such a fine day that many people went camping. 天气真好，许多人都出去露营了。

He gave such inspiring lectures this term that every student respects him. 他这个学期做了很多场激动人心的演讲，每位同学都十分尊敬他。

The pain is such (that) he couldn’t sleep. 疼痛非常剧烈以至于他睡不着觉（。that有时可以省略）

②“so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that”和“such +a/an+形容词+单数名词+ that”在表示结果状语从句时，such为形容词，修饰名词；so为副词，修饰形容词。

例 天气极度寒冷，大部分人都待在室内。

It was so cold a day that most people stay inside. （so为副词，这里修饰形容词cold）

It was such a cold day that most people stay inside. （such为形容词，这里修饰名词短语a cold day）

③ so/such that引导结果状语从句时的意思是“结果，所以”。

例 I sat behind her, so that I noticed her performance in class. 我坐在她后面，所以我注意到她在课堂上的表现。

The shock was such that she almost went mad. 这个打击太大了，导致她差点发疯。

注： so that既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句，主要区别为目的状语从句中的动词前要用may/might，can/could，should和would等情态动词，表示某种可能性，愿望或者主观意念；而结果状语从句表示的是客观事实，较少用情态动词。

试比较：

She left early, so that she caught the bus. 她动身早，所以赶上了火车。（结果状语从句）

She left early so that she could catch the bus. 她动身早，以便能赶上火车。（目的状语从句）

雅思/托福真题解析

1. This phenomenon has been emphasized by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.

分析 particularly，意为特别是，which引导定语从句修饰those，even though引导让步状语从句。

译文 一些工厂的搬迁强调了这一现象，特别是那些劳动密集型产业，为了减少生产成本，甚至将生产地址搬到离总装配工厂或者用户几百甚至几千公里远的地方。

2. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020，compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990.

分析 if引导条件状语从句，这句话主干是CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase ... ，compared with作状语，意为与……相比。

译文 根据最新的估计,如果不采取措施扭转交通运输量的增长趋势,交通运输造成的二氧化碳排放量，与1990年的7390亿吨的记录相比，预计将增加约50%，直到2020年达到11130万亿吨。

3. But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.

分析 as引导方式状语从句。

分句1：But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as

分句2：such a portraitist was called.

分句1是整个长句子的主句，中间的插入部分都是由介词引导，可见并不能算作分句。分句2是分句1的方式状语从句，由as引导。

译文 但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者（人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的。）