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英语倒装结构及其应用场景

时间:2023-07-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:倒装是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。1 语法倒装① 虚拟条件句中的倒装当虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有 were, should, had时,我们可以将连词if省略掉,而将were, should, had 置于句首,变成倒装句。④ 英语中有的让步状语从句可用as, though等引起的倒装结构表示, 其结构一般为“形容词 + as +主语+谓语”。

英语倒装结构及其应用场景

倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。

1 语法倒装

① 虚拟条件句中的倒装

当虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有 were, should, had时,我们可以将连词if省略掉,而将were, should, had 置于句首,变成倒装句

例 If she were in charge, she would do things differently.(= Were she in charge, she would do things differently.) 如果是她负责,她会是另一种做法。

If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.(= Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.) 即便你改变主意,谁也不会怨你。

② 当句首为here, there, now, then, such等副词,谓语动词为be, go, come等时要倒装。

例 Here is the book you want. 你要的书在这儿。

There goes the bell. 铃响了。

注:当主语为人称代词,则不用倒装。

There he comes! 他来了!

Here they are. 他们在这儿。

Here it is. 给你。

Behind the desk she stood. 她站在桌子后面。

③ The more ... ,the more ... 结构的倒装。

例 The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力,就越觉得快乐。(状语前置、表语前置)

The more you study, the more you know. 你学得越多,就知道得越多。(宾语前置)

④ 感叹句中的倒装

a. What引导的感叹句

例 What a happy life we have had! 我们拥有的生活是多么幸福啊!(宾语在主语前面)

What a fine day it is! 天气真是太好了!(表语在主语前面)

b. How引导的感叹句

例 How happy we are! 我们多么幸福啊!(表语在前面)

How hard they are working! 他们工作是多么努力啊!(状语在前面)

⑤ 表示次数、顺序的副词位于句首要倒装。

例 Twice within her lifetime has she been to England. 她一生已两次到过英国

Next came a man in his thirties. 下一个来的是一个三十几岁的男人。

⑥ 与前面的句子相同,表示“也”,后面句子开头常用“so, neither, nor, either, no more”等引导的倒装句,并用do, have, be, can代替实义动词。

例 They can leave now, so can we. 他们现在可以离开了,我们也可以。

You have helped her, and so has she you. 你帮助过她,她也帮助过你。

注:但是如果表示对前面句子的肯定则不用倒装。例如:

He is a good student, so he did. 他是个好学生,他的确是。

2 修辞倒装

① only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。如不在句首或虽在句首但不修饰状语时用正常语序。

例 Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他说出那个字后,他才意识到自己犯了个大错误

② not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。不居句

首时则用正常语序。

例 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。

Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。

③ so / such ... that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so / such和that之间的部分。

例 So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排时间那么长,以致那两个演员都走出去了。

④ 英语中有的让步状语从句可用as, though等引起的倒装结构表示, 其结构一般为“形容词(副词,动词,分词) + as(though) +主语+谓语”。

例 Young as she is, she has seen much of the world. 她虽然年轻,但却见过很多世面。(www.xing528.com)

Strange though it may appear, it is true. 看起来奇怪,但却是真的。

⑤ 平衡结构

英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,常采用倒装语序。

➲ 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。

例 On the floor were piles of books, magazines and newspapers. 地板上是成堆的书、杂志和报纸。

On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities. 地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。

➲ 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。

例 Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。

Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。

➲ 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。

例 Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。

⑥ 倒装结构使描写生动。

有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。

例 Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖的一声火箭就飞上天了。

Down went the boat! 船沉了!

⑦ 在比较状语从句和方式状语从句中用倒装。

在复合句中, than 或 as 引导的分句,如果谓语动词省略或表语省略,且是两个句子的主语相比较时,要用倒装,助动词放在主语前。

例 He is as responsible a man as are you. 他像你一样地负责任。

Jack will give you more than will John. 杰克给你的将比约翰给的要多。

雅思/托福真题解析

1. Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth. (倒装结构Basic to any understanding ... is ... )

分析 本句是一个简单句,只不过使用了倒装,谓语动词是is。

分句1: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War

分句2:is

分句3:the country’s impressive population growth

分句1,2,3共同构成倒装句,正常的语序应该是3,2,1,即:该句的正常语序是The country’s impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.

译文 要理解第二次世界大战之后20年中的加拿大,就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。

2. Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as“silent”,the film has never been,in the full sense of the word, silent.(倒装结构accustomed though we are ... =though we are accustomed ... )

分析 本句的难点是在分句1内部有一个倒装,正常的语序应该是though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent.分句3是一个插入语嵌套在分句2中,所以本句的真正强调的核心是the film has never been silent。

分句1: Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as“silent”

分句2:the film has never been silent

分句3:in the full sense of the word

译文 虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫作“无声电影”,但是就“无声”这个词的完整意义来说,电影从未真正地无声过。

3. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.

分析 本句是由so引导的部分倒装句。

分句1:the roles ... became more rigidly defined

分句2:men and women played in society

分句3:so did the roles

分句4:they played in the home.

分句1和2嵌套,分句3和4嵌套;

分句1和3并列;

分句2和4分别作为定语从句修饰 roles;

分句3是由so引导的部分倒装句。

译文 随着男性和女性在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格,他们在家中的角色发生了类似的变化。

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