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对康甘及其教育思想的评价: 优化与改进

时间:2023-07-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:迈耶·康甘是澳大利亚一位伟大的教育家,他的教育思想对于澳大利亚的技术与继续教育及特殊教育都产生了深远的影响。他领导的委员会在1974年提交了“康甘报告”,标志着澳大利亚新的高等教育类型——技术与继续教育创立。这些思想至今仍然闪烁着耀眼的光芒。他将联合国教科文组织《学会生存》中新的教育观念最先引入澳大利亚,大大推动了其高等教育的发展。因此,康甘报告则是第一次官方使用的这个缩写。

对康甘及其教育思想的评价: 优化与改进

迈耶·康甘是澳大利亚一位伟大的教育家,他的教育思想对于澳大利亚的技术与继续教育特殊教育都产生了深远的影响。他领导的委员会在1974年提交了“康甘报告”,标志着澳大利亚新的高等教育类型——技术与继续教育创立。这个报告界定了技术与继续教育的内涵和定义,并且极力促成把它纳入了高等教育体系,从而提高技术教育和继续教育在整个教育体制中的地位和作用。在他的斡旋和倡导下,维多利亚州建立了“技术与继续教育服务与课程董事会”,1981年建立了“技术与继续教育研发有限公司”全国性组织,它们有力地推动和扩展了技术与继续教育。在教学思想上,提出了“教学即学习”、“教学即交流”等观念,强调学习者的主观能动性。这些思想至今仍然闪烁着耀眼的光芒。他将联合国教科文组织《学会生存》中新的教育观念最先引入澳大利亚,大大推动了其高等教育的发展。他十分重视终身教育、弱势群体教育,主张教育平等,强调TAFE学院与企业的联系,为澳大利亚扩大高等教育规模做出了杰出的贡献,是战后澳大利亚最有影响的教育家之一,是热心公共事业的社会活动家、演讲家。他的职业教育理论与实践不仅对澳大利亚而且对世界的高等职业教育都产生了深远影响。

【注释】

[1]技术与继续教育英文缩写正误。按照济廉·古兹的说法是康甘最早把“technical and further education”简写成“TAFE”的。彼得·科恩斯(Peter Kearns)和威廉姆·霍尔(William Hall)在《康甘二十年》纪念文集中说:“‘TAFE’简写是康甘委员会最早使用的。”这种全称的提法不是20世纪70年代才有的,早在1918年悉尼技术学院(1891年3月9日创立)就有一个部门叫做“技术与继续教育部”。这种缩写在20世纪60年代就使用了,1964年成立一个全国性的教师协会叫做“澳大利亚技术与继续教育教师协会”(TAFETAA),1969年创刊了一本杂志《澳大利亚技术与继续教育教师》。TAFE的这个全称在20世纪初就出现了,这个词的缩写60年代也已经采用了。因此,康甘报告则是第一次官方使用的这个缩写。

[2]1893年新工联领导人、费边社和一部分社会主义同盟成员联合组成了英国独立工党,1906年改名为工党。

[3]郑寅达,费佩君:《澳大利亚史》,华东师范大学出版社,1991年版,第139页。

[4]Stephen Murray Smith.Melbourne Studies in Education 1980.Melbourne University Press,1980.PP3-4.

[5]Peter Kearns,William Hall.Kangan: 20Years on—A Commemoration TAFE 1974—1994.NCVER Ltd,1994.P.36.

[6]Allie Clemans,Terri Seddon.Technical and further education: Social justice solution and social justice problem.The Australian Educational Researcher,December 2000,Volume 27,Issue 3,PP117-130.

[7]《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,人民出版社,1995年版,第393页。

[8]《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷,人民出版社,1972年版,第83页。

[9]Simmon Marginson.Education and Public Policy in Australia,Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge,1993.P.47.

[10]沈仲棻:《澳大利亚经济》.华东师范大学出版社,1991年,第103页。

[11]雷晓春:《澳大利亚师范教育》.广东高等教育出版社,1991年,第3页。

[12]Commonwealth Department of Education :Major Trends and Developments in Australian Education in 1975 and 1976.Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1978.P.70.

[13]Gillian Goozee:The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.32.

[14]Peter Karmel.Education,Change and Society Victoria: The Australian Council for Educational Research Limited Tadford House,1981.P.7.

[15]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.32.

[16]Simmon Marginson.Education and Public Policy in Australia,Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.1993.P.83.

[17]White Paper on Strategies and Structures for Education in Victorian Government Schools.Melbourne: F.D.Atkinson Government Printer,1980.P.9.

[18]Kwong Lee Dow.Into the 1980s: Educational Change in Australia.Comparative Education,Oct.1980.Vol.16.No.3.PP245-255.

[19]杨明:《国际高等教育财政改革研究》,吉林人民出版社,2003年版,第65页。

[20]Facts and figures,from Encyclopedia of Australia 1996.[Electronic resource]Published by Webster Publishing,1996.

[21]Simmon Marginson.Education and Public Policy in Australia,Cambridge: the press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.1993.P.10.

[22]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.28.

[23]济廉·古兹《澳大利亚技术与继续教育发展史》,2001年版,第28页引用的1973年数字是400 700人。《康甘报告》第2卷附录表A.76数据为430 265人。本人认为前者有误,因后者是全国性技术与继续教育调查报告,经联邦教育部1974年发布,比较可靠。同时参照其他资料核对了1975年数据,一致。为保资料原貌,百分比未修正。

[24]Neil Marshall.End of an Era:The Collapse of the “Buffer”Approach to the Governance of Australian Tertiary Education.Higher Education,1990.Vol.19,No.2,PP147-167.

[25]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.28.

[26]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.280.

[27]Marvin C.Alkin.Encyclopedia of Educational Research (six edition),Vol.4.New York:Macmillan Publishing Company,1992.P.1089.

[28]Norm Neill.Technically & Further: Sydney Technical College 1891-1991.Sydney: Hale &Iremonger Pty Limited,1991.P.84.

[29]Kangan Myer.Technical and Further Education in Australia,Vol.I .Canberra: The Government Printer of Australia,1975.P.29.

[30]Kangan Myer.Technical and Further Education in Australia,Vol.I .Canberra: The Government Printer of Australia,1975.P.31.(www.xing528.com)

[31]Stewart E.Fraser.Overseas Students in Australia: Governmental Policies and Institutional Programs.Comparative Education Review,Vol.28.No.2.May,1984.P.284.

[32]Appleton,Richard.Australian Encyclopaedia (the fourth edition).Sydney: Published by The Grolier Society of Australia Pty Ltd,1983.P.295.

[33]Kwong Lee Dow.Into the 1980s: Educational Change in Australia.Comparative Education,Vol.16.No.3.Oct.1980.P.251.

[34]Appleton,Richard.Australian Encyclopaedia,the fourth edition.Sydney:Published by The Grolier Society of Australia Pty Ltd,1983.P.288.

[35]Commonwealth Department of Education :Major Trends and Developments in Australian Education in 1975 and 1976.Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1978.PP27-29.

[36]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.44.

[37]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.41.

[38]Commonwealth Department of Education :Major Trends and Developments in Australian Education in 1975 and 1976.Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1978.P.30.

[39]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.70.

[40]Kangan Myer.Technical and Further Education in Australia,Vol.II.Canberra: The Government Printer of Australia,1975.P.49.

[41]Peter Kearns,William Hall.Kangan: 20Years on—A Commemoration TAFE 1974-1994.NCVER Ltd,1994.PP184-185.

[42]P.H.Partridge.Forty-eighth Annual Report 1977-78.Victoria: Printed by Brown Prior Anderson Tty Ltd,1978.P.24.

[43]Gillian Goozee.The Development of TAFE in Australia,SA:National Centre for Vocational Education Research Ltd.3rd edition,2001.P.50.

[44]Commonwealth Department of Education :Major Trends and Developments in Australian Education in 1975 and 1976.Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1978.P.60.

[45]ACOTAFE.TAFE in Australia: Report on needs in technical and further education,Vol.II.Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1974.P.156.

[46]Commonwealth Department of Education: Major Trends and Developments in Australian Education in 1975 and 1976.Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1978.P.63.

[47]J.R.Hough.Educational Policy——An International Survey.St.Martin’s Press Inc.,1984.P.33.

[48]Peter Karmel.Education,Change and Society.Victoria: The Australian Council for Educational Research Limited Tadford House,1981.P.60.

[49]L.E.Foster.Australian Education: A Sociological Perspective.NSW:Macarthur Press Sales Pty Ltd,1987.PP117-118.

[50]Peter Kearns,William Hall.Kangan: 20Years On—A Commemoration TAFE 1974—1994.NCVER Ltd,1994.PP58-59.

[51]戴维·威尔逊:《为改变职业改革技术与职业教育与培训》,《教育展望》,2002年中文版第1期。

[52]联合国教科文组织:《学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天》,中国人事出版社,1996年版,第13页。

[53]Peter Kearns,William Hall.Kangan: 20Years on—A Commemoration TAFE 1974-1994.NCVER Ltd,1994.P.186.

[54]联合国教科文组织:《学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天》,中国人事出版社,1996年版,第210页。

[55]ACOTAFE.TAFE in Australia: Report on needs in technical and further education,Vol.I,Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1974.P.xii.

[56]ACOTAFE.TAFE in Australia: Report on needs in technical and further education,Vol.I,Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1974.P.xxiii.

[57]ACOTAFE.TAFE in Australia: Report on needs in technical and further education Vol.I,Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1974.P.xxxvi.

[58]ACOTAFE.TAFE in Australia: Report on needs in technical and further education,Canberra:Australian Government Publishing Service,1974.P.v.

[59]ACOTAFE.TAFE in Australia: Report on needs in technical and further education,Canberra:Australian Government Publishing Service,1974.P.9.

[60]Kangan,M.Kangan seven years on,national seminar on TAFE delivery system,Melbourne,6,May,1980.

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