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从水电站到流体电站,能源法精要

时间:2023-07-28 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:联邦能源管理委员会一直积极地为各类水电项目授予许可。到2011年4月为止,联邦能源管理委员会提供了90个许可,涉及总容量超过1000万千瓦。联邦能源监管委员会对流体发电项目建设的许可发放和许可豁免具有排他管辖权,而内政部通过其矿产管理局行使对非流体动力的、诸如风能和太阳能的可再生能源项目具有排他管辖权。

从水电站到流体电站,能源法精要

如前所述,水电是从落水中获取能量。同样的,流动的水如河流、波浪、潮汐等也可以用来驱动涡轮机发电。联邦能源管理委员会一直积极地为各类水电项目授予许可。到2011年4月为止,联邦能源管理委员会提供了90个许可,涉及总容量超过1000万千瓦。在这90个许可中,有26个是潮汐发电项目工程、9个波浪发电工程和55个内陆水电工程,同时还有150个申请还在处理之中。

联邦能源监管委员会和内政部都享有外部大陆架(OCS)的管辖权[86]。2009年4月,这两个行政机构签署了备忘录,对各自的管辖权限进行划分。联邦能源监管委员会对流体发电项目建设的许可发放和许可豁免具有排他管辖权,而内政部通过其矿产管理局行使对非流体动力的、诸如风能太阳能可再生能源项目具有排他管辖权。因此,流体动力项目的开发者将不得不从矿产管理局取得土地租约,并从联邦能源监管委员会获取项目许可。[87]

此外,根据《2005年能源政策法》,矿物管理局颁布最终的监管规定,以授予外部大陆架可再生能源工程(包括流体发电工程)租约、地役权和通行权。矿物管理局将通过竞标或非竞标的方式授予商业租约和有限租约,但竞标方式优先。商业租约授予开发商一个长期租约,但要求项目达到一定的商业规模。有限租约则授予开发商不超过5年的场地使用和运营权,供评估、开发与试验新技术。水电将持续在国家的能源供应中发挥关键作用,最重要的是因为它是可再生能源。然而,由于这一能源的可用地点有限,对其扩大开发的可能性不大。此外,未来关注方向是公私配电商对这种相对廉价的电力能源进行的竞争将加剧,以及对现有许可进行更新时,将遇到对环境更加关注的问题。

【注释】

[1]Inaho National Laboratory,State Assessment Reports available at http://hydropower.inl.gov/resourceassessment/states.shtml.

[2]Gibbons v.Ogden(S.Ct.1824).

[3]The River and Harbor Act of 1884,46 U.S.C.§§330.

[4]Federal Land Policy and Water Management Act,43,U.S.C.A.§957.

[5]The Yosemite National Park Act of 1901,codified as amended at 16 U.S.C.A.§79 and 43 U.S.C.A.§959.

[6]The General Dam Act of 1906,codified as amended at 33 U.S.C.A.§491.

[7]Ominibus Water Power Bill.

[8]The Federal Water Power Act of 1920,16 U.S.C.A.§791.

[9]U.S.Constitution,Art I,sec.8.3.

[10]Part II of the Federal Power Act,16 U.S.C.A.§824 etc.

[11]16 U.S.C.§807(a)and§808(b).

[12]The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act.

[13]Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986.

[14]Energy Policy Act of 1992.

[15]原著注:新近对水电监管的全面综述见Michael A.Swiger,Jonathan D.Simon&Charles R.Sensiba,Hydroelectric Power in 2 Energy Law and Transactions ch.53(David J.Muchow&William A.Mogel eds.2003).

[16]First Iowa Hydro-Electric Cooperative v.FPC(S.Ct.1946).

[17]16 U.S.C.A.§821.

[18]California v.FERC(S.Ct.1990).

[19]United States v.Appalachian Electric Power Co.(S.Ct.1940).

[20]FPC v.Oregon(S.Ct.1955).

[21]FPC.V.Union Elec.Co.(S.Ct.1965).

[22]Fairfax County Water Authority(FERC 1988).

[23]Harbersham Mills v.FERC(11th Cir.1992).

[24]City of Centralia v.FERC(9th Cir.1981).

[25]§401,33 U.S.C.A.§1341(d).

[26]South Carolina Public Service Authority v.FERC(D.C Cir.1988).

[27]California v.FERC(S.Ct.1990).

[28]California v.United States(S.Ct.1978).

[29]Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,Pub.L.No.92-500,86 Stat.816,1972.

[30]Clean Water Act,33 U.S.C.§1341(a)(1),and 33 U.S.C.1342(a)(1).

[31]Wild and Scenic Rivers Act,16 U.S.C.§§1271-1287.

[32]Energy Security Act,16 U.S.C.§§2705,2708.

[33]Endangered Species Act,16 U.S.C.§§1531-1544.

[34]National Environmental Policy Act of 1969,42 U.S.C§§4321.

[35]Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986.

[36]16 U.S.C.§803(a)(1).

[37]Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v.FPC(2nd Cir.1965).

[38]§4(e),16.U.S.C.A§797(e).

[39]Cooley v.FERC(D.C.Cir.1988).

[40]Farmington River Power Co.v.FPC(2d Cir.1972).

[41]Puget Sound Power&Light Co.v.FPC(9th Cir.1977).

[42]Minnesota Power&Light Co.v.FPC(8th Cir.1965).(www.xing528.com)

[43]Northwest Paper Co.v.FPC(8th Cir.1965).

[44]Aquenergy Systems,Inc.v.FERC(4th Cir.1988).

[45]Washington Water Power Co.v.FERC(D.C.Cir.1985).

[46]Thomas Hodgson&Sons,Inc.v.FERC(1st Cir.1995).

[47]In re City of Bountiful,Utah,FERC 1980.

[48]16 U.S.C.A.§800(a).

[49]Kamargo Corp.v.FERC(D.C.Cir.1988).

[50]Alabama Power Co.v.FERC(11th Cir.1982).

[51]Clark-Cowlitz Joint Operating Agency v.FERC(D.C.Cir.1987).

[52]16 U.S.C.A§808(a)(2).

[53]18 C.F.R.§4.34(i).

[54]104 FERC 61,109(July 23,2003).

[55]Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v.FPC(2d Cir.1965).

[56]Udall v.FPC(S.Ct.1967).

[57]Platte River Whooping Crane Critical Habitat Maintenance Trust v.FERC(D.C.Cir.1989).

[58]La Flamme v.FERC(9th Cir.1988).

[59]Confederated Tribes and Bands of Yakima Indian Nation v.FERC(9th Cir.1984).

[60]FERC,Handbook for Hydroelectric Project Licensing and 5 MW Exemptions from Licensing(April 2004)available at http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/handbooks/licensing_handbook.pdf.

[61]Clean Water Act,33 U.S.C.A§1251.

[62]16 U.S.C.A.§1271-87.

[63]National Wildlife Federation v.FERC(D.C.Cir.1990).

[64]16 U.S.C.A.§808.

[65]16 U.S.C§797(e).

[66]California v.FERC(9th Cir.1992).

[67]Tennessee Vally Authority v.Hill(S.Ct.1978).

[68]Michael C.Blumm,The Amphibious Salmon:The Evolution of Ecosystem Management in the Columbia River Basin,24 Ecology L.Q.653,1991.

[69]Michael C.Blumm&Greg D.Corbin,Salmon and the Endangered Species Act:Lessons from the Columbia Basin,74 Wash.L.Rev.519,1999.

[70]Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning Conservation Act,16.U.S.C.§§839-839h,1994.

[71]American Rivers,et al.v.FERC,201 F.3d aa86(9th Cir.1999);See also Holly Doremus&A.Dan Tarlock,Fish,Farms and the Clash of Cultures in the Klamath Basin,30 Ecology L.Q.279(2003);Scott K.Miller,Undamning Glen Canyon:Lunacy,Rationality,or Prophercy?,19 Stan.Envtl.L.J.121(2000).

[72]60 Fed Reg.339(1994).

[73]Merimil Limited Partnership,Project No.2574-032,Order Issuing New License,110 F.E.R.C.61,240(2005);Marla E.Mansfield,Hydroelectric Power,in Energy Law Group.Energy Law and Policy fro the 21st Century 11-19(2000).

[74]Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978.

[75]16 U.S.C.A.§2701.

[76]16 U.S.C.A§2705(d).

[77]City of Centralia v.FERC(9th Cir.1996).

[78]Idaho Power Co.v.FERC(9th Cir.1985).

[79]Tulalip Tribes of Washington v.FERC(9th Cir.1984).

[80]16.U.S.C.A.§791 etc.

[81]Reclamation Project Act of 1939,43 U.S.C.A.§485(c).

[82]Flood Control Act of 1944,16 U.S.C.A.§825s.

[83]Metropolitan Transportation Authority v.FERC(1986).

[84]Niagara Redevelopment Act.

[85]16 U.S.C.A.§836(b).

[86]Escondido Mutual Water Co.v.La Jolla Band of Mission Indians,466 U.S.765(1984);City of Tacoma v.FERC,460 F.3d 53(D.C.Cir.2006).

[87]Memorandum of Understanding Between the U.S.Department of the Interior and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,(April 9,2009)available at http://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/mou/mou-doi.pdf.

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