欧盟设立失踪儿童热线，保障权利

根据欧盟法律，欧盟委员会为失踪儿童设立了热线电话（116000）。^[79]此项服务包括接报失踪儿童的电话，并将其交给警察当局，为负责失踪儿童的人员提供指导和支持，并帮助进行调查。

根据欧洲理事会法律，被强迫失踪儿童问题已根据《欧洲人权公约》第8条得到解决。

例如：在左瑞卡·约万诺维奇诉塞尔维亚^[80]案件中，据称一名新生婴儿在出生后不久死于医院，但他的遗体从未交给其父母。母亲申诉说，国家没有向她提供关于她儿子的任何信息，包括死亡的原因和被埋葬的时间和地点。欧洲人权法院认为，国家“未能向母亲提供关于其儿子命运的可靠信息”，等于侵犯了尊重她家庭生活的权利^[81]。

根据联合国法律，《保护所有人不遭受强迫失踪国际公约》^[82]第25条第1款第2项规定，各国必须防止和惩处“伪造、隐匿或销毁证明儿童真实身份的文件的行为”，这些儿童本身或其父母可能遭受强迫失踪。各国还必须采取必要的措施，寻找和查明这些儿童，并将其归还原籍家庭。鉴于这些儿童有权保留或重新建立其身份，包括其国籍、姓名和家庭关系等法律承认的权利，各国需要有法律程序来审查和废止任何收养或安置卷入强迫失踪的儿童（第25条第4款）。公约重申保障儿童权利的两项基本原则：儿童的最大利益为首要考虑，儿童有权表达自己的意见（第25条第5款）。尽管批准这一公约的欧洲国家数量相对较少，但它与欧洲法律规范是密切相关的。^[83]

【注释】

[1]Council of Europe，Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse，CETS No.201，2007.

[2]Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography，OJ 2011 L 335/1.

[3]Ibid.

[4]ECtHR，Nencheva and Others v.Bulgaria，No.48609/06，18 June 2013（available in French）.

[5]ECtHR，Z and Others v.the United Kingdom［GC］，No.29392/95，10 May 2001.

[6]ECtHR，O'Keeffe v.Ireland［GC］，No.35810/09，28 January 2014.

[7]ECtHR，M.C.v.Bulgaria，No.39272/98，4 December 2003.

[8]ECtHR，Tyrer v.the United Kingdom，No.5856/72，25 April 1978.

[9]ECtHR，M.C.v.Bulgaria，No.39272/98，4 December 2003，para.150.

[10]ECtHR，O'Keeffe v.Ireland［GC］，No.35810/09，28 January 2014，para.146.

[11]Ibid.，para.150；ECtHR，Costello-Roberts v.the United Kingdom，No.13134/87，25 March 1993，para.27.

[12]ECtHR，Kayak v.Turkey，No.60444/08，10 July 2012（available in French）.

[13]ECtHR，O'Keeffe v.Ireland［GC］，No.35810/09，28 January 2014.

[14]ECtHR，Assenov and Others v.Bulgaria，No.24760/94，28 October 1998.

[15]Council of Europe，Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse，CETS No.201，2007.

[16]Council of Europe ，Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence，CETS No.210，2011.

[17]UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2011），General comment No.13，CRC/C/GC/13，18 April 2011.

[18]UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2003），General comment No.5，CRC/GC/2003/5，27 November 2003.

[19]UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2007），General Comment No.8（2006）：The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment'（Arts.19；28，para.2；and 37 inter alia），CRC/C/GC/8，2 March 2007.

[20]ECtHR，Tyrer v.the United Kingdom，No.5856/72，25 April 1978.

[21]ECtHR，Campbell and Cosans v.the United Kingdom，Nos.7511/76 and 7743/76，25 February 1982，para.38.

[22]ECtHR，Campbell and Cosans v.the United Kingdom，Nos.7511/76 and 7743/76，25 February 1982.

[23]See，for example，ECSR，World Organisation against Torture（OMCT）v.Belgium，Complaint No.21/2003，7 December 2004；ECSR，Conclusions XVI-2，Poland，Art.17，p.65.

[24]ECSR，Association for the Protection of All Children（APPROACH）v.Belgium，Complaint No.98/2013，29 May 2015，para.49.

[25]ECSR，Association for the Protection of All Children（APPROACH）v.Czech Republic，Complaint No.96/2013，29 May 2015.

[26]ECSR，Association for the Protection of All Children（APPROACH）v.Slovenia，Complaint No.95/2013，27 May 2015.

[27]ECSR，Association for the Protection of All Children（APPROACH）v.Slovenia，Complaint No.95/2013，27 May 2015，para.51.

[28]Council of Europe，Parliamentary Assembly（2004），Recommendation 1666（2004）on a Europe-wide ban on corporal punishment of children，23 June 2004.

[29]UN，Committee on the Rights of the Child（2008），General Comment No.8（2006）：The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment（arts.19；28，para.2；and 37，inter alia），CRC/C/GC/8，2 March 2007.

[30]Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography，OJ 2011 L 335/1.

[31]Council Framework Decision 2009/315/JHA of 26 February 2009 on the organisation and content of the exchange of information extracted from the criminal record between Member States，OJ 2009 L 93，pp.23～32.

[32]ECtHR，M.C.v.Bulgaria，No.39272/98，4 December 2003.

[33]Examples include：Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2001），Recommendation Rec（2001）16 on the protection of children against sexual exploitation，31 October 2001；Council of Europe，Parliamentary Assembly（1996），Resolution 1099（1996）on the sexual exploitation of children，25 September 1996；Council of Europe，Parliamentary Assembly（2000），Resolution 1212（2000）on rape in armed conflicts，3 April 2000；Council of Europe，Parliamentary Assembly（2002），Resolution 1307（2002）on sexual exploitation of children：zero tolerance，27 September 2002.

[34]ECtHR，Kontrováv.Slovakia，No.7510/04，31 May 2007.

[35]ECtHR，Eremia v.the Republic of Moldova，No.3564/11，28 May 2013.

[36]ECtHR，Z and Others v.the United Kingdom［GC］，No.29392/95，10 May 2001.

[37]ECtHR，Nencheva and Others v.Bulgaria，No.48609/06，18 June 2013（available in French）.

[38]Council of Europe，Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence，CETS No.210，2011.

[39]FRA（2014c），pp.134～135.See also UNICEF（2006）.

[40]Examples include：Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（1985），Recommendation No.R（85）4 on violence in the family，26 March 1985；Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（1990），Recommendation No.R（90）2 on social measures concerning violence in the family，15 January 1990；Council of Europe，Parliamentary Assembly（1998），Recommendation 1371（1998）on abuse and neglect of children，23 April 1998.(www.xing528.com)

[41]Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the Protection of Young People at Work，OJ 1994 L 216.

[42]Recital 11，Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims，OJ 2011 L 101/1.

[43]Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims，OJ 2011 L 101/1.

[44]See further FRA（2015c），pp.40～41.

[45]ECtHR，Siliadin v.France，No.73316/01，26 July 2005，para.116.

[46]Ibid.，para.123.

[47]ECtHR，C.N.and v.v.France，No.67724/09，11 October 2012，para.70.

[48]Ibid.，para.104 and following.

[49]ECtHR，C.N.v.the United Kingdom，No.4239/08，13 November 2012，paras.70～82.

[50]ECtHR，C.N.and v.v.France，No.67724/09，11 October 2012.

[51]ECSR Conclusions 2004，Bulgaria，p.57.

[52]ECSR Conclusions 2006，Albania，p.61；ECSR Conclusions 2006，Bulgaria，p.113.

[53]Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims，OJ 2011 L 101/1.

[54]Provisions detailed in FRA and ECtHR（2014），p.222.

[55]See FRA（2015b），p.79.

[56]Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the residence permit issued to thirdcountry nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate irregular immigration，who cooperate with the competent authorities，OJ 2004 L 261，pp.19～23.

[57]Ibid.，Art.3.

[58]ECtHR，Rantsev v.Cyprus and Russia，No.25965/04，7 January 2010，para.282.

[59]UN，Protocol to Prevent，Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons，Especially Women and Children，supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime（UNCTOC），New York，15 November 2000；Council of Europe，Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings，CETS No.197，2005.

[60]ECtHR，Rantsev v.Cyprus and Russia，No.25965/04，7 January 2010.本案并不涉及儿童的死亡。但是，鉴于欧洲人权法院没有具体贩卖儿童的案件，并且考虑到贩卖对儿童的特殊威胁，所以才特别提到本案。

[61]ECSR，Federation of Catholic Family Associations in Europe（FAFCE）v.Ireland，No.89/2013，12 September 2014，para.56.

[62]ECSR，Conclusions XVII-2（2005），Poland，p.638.

[63]ECSR，Federation of Catholic Family Associations in Europe（FAFCE）v.Ireland，No.89/2013，12 September 2014，para.57.

[64]Council of Europe，Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings，CETS No.197，2005.

[65]例如，白俄罗斯于2013年3月26日加入该公约。

[66]Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography，OJ 2011 L 335/1，pp.1～14.

[67]Ibid.，Art.2（c）.

[68]ECtHR，Söderman v.Sweden［GC］，No.5786/08，12 November 2013.

[69]Council of Europe，Convention on Cyber crime，CETS No.185，2001.

[70]Explanatory report to the Council of Europe，Council of Europe Convention on Cyber crime，para.99.

[71]Council of Europe，Convention on Cyber crime，CETS No.185，2001，Art.9（2）.

[72]Lanzarote Committee Opinion on Art.23 of the Lanzarote Convention and its explanatory note，17 June 2015.

[73]ECtHR，Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v.Romania［GC］，No.47848/08，17 July 2014.

[74]Council of Europe，Committee of Ministers（2005），Recommendation Rec（2005）5 on the rights of children living in residential institutions，16 March 2005.

[75]译者注：《残疾人权利公约》是国际社会在21世纪通过的第一个综合性人权公约，也是首个开放供区域一体化组织签字的人权公约，欧盟是该公约的地区缔约方。

[76]Council of the European Union（2009），Council Decision 2010/48/EC of 26 November 2009 concerning the conclusion，by the European Community，of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities，OJ 2010 L 23/35.

[77]另见第3.5节。

[78]ECtHR，Nencheva and Others v.Bulgaria，No.48609/06，18 June 2013（available in French）.

[79]Commission Decision（2007），Commission Decision 2007/698/EC of 29 October 2007 amending Decision 2007/116/EC as regards the introduction of additional reserved numbers，OJ 2007，L 284/31.

[80]ECtHR，Zorica Jovanoviv.Serbia，No.21794/08，26 March 2013.

[81]Ibid.，para.74.

[82]UN，International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance，20 December 2006.

[83]截至2015年2月19日，28个欧盟成员国中有9个批准了该公约（奥地利、比利时、西班牙、法国、德国、立陶宛、荷兰、葡萄牙和斯洛伐克）。此外，下列欧洲理事会成员国已批准该公约：塞尔维亚、黑山、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那，亚美尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚。