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矿物气溶胶外源与北京雾霾的关系

时间:2023-09-24 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:无疑,多伦和丰宁等地区的沙尘,是北京矿物气溶胶的重要外来源。设北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源的百分含量为X,外来源的百分含量为Y。表22-7列出了根据上面公式计算的北京矿物气溶胶的本地源和外来源的相对平均贡献量。表22-7气溶胶和土壤样品中的Mg/Al值,以及北京矿物气溶胶的外来源贡献量(续表)综上所述,北京的大气颗粒物污染非常严重,而且冬季较夏季尤甚。

矿物气溶胶外源与北京雾霾的关系

我们开发了一种新的元素示踪技术,用来估算北京矿物气溶胶外来源的相对贡献量,并提出区分本地源和外地源示踪物必须满足的3个条件(详见第16章)[27]。经过对北京地区可能的外来源和本地源,以及覆盖北京所有代表性地区收集的大量表层土壤和气溶胶样品的监测与分析,考察了所得到的所有元素的数据。我们发现有关元素之间的比值,尤其是元素Mg和Al的比值(Mg/Al),基本上能满足区分矿物气溶胶来源的3条基本原则[28]

来自北部和西北方向的沙尘,是北京矿物气溶胶的2个主要外来源[29]。内蒙古黄土中高达91.4%的颗粒,可以形成矿物气溶胶;而甘肃沙漠和内蒙古呼和浩特煤灰只有15.6%和7.2%可以形成矿物气溶胶[30]。通过两者比较可见,内蒙古黄土无疑对北京地区的矿物气溶胶有最大影响,而甘肃民勤沙漠和内蒙古巴丹吉林沙漠以及内蒙古呼和浩特煤灰,对北京矿物气溶胶的影响相对较小。位于北京正北方、海拔比北京高近1 000 m的内蒙古多伦和河北丰宁等地区,近几年来沙化趋势日益严重。强劲的北风或者西北风,尤其是在每年的冬春季,携带着大量的沙尘入侵北京,成为北京矿物气溶胶的重要部分。无疑,多伦和丰宁等地区的沙尘,是北京矿物气溶胶的重要外来源。多伦和丰宁土壤中Mg/Al的平均比值分别为0.12和0.15,两者非常接近,因此我们采用其平均比值0.14作为北京地区正北方向外来源的代表。地处北京西北方向的昌平区定陵属于远郊区,基本上能够反映北京地区西北方向外来源的一些特征。内蒙古黄土高原位于北京西部偏北,其黄土中的Mg/Al(0.21)与昌平区定陵的地面扬尘(0.23)非常接近,与黄土高原陕西洛川的Mg/Al值(0.19)也非常相近[31],因此可采用内蒙古黄土中的Mg/Al值,作为北京地区西部和西北方向外来源的代表。作为估算方法,采用来自西部和西北方向的内蒙古黄土(0.21)与来自北部方向的沙土(0.14)两者的Mg/Al平均值(0.175)作为北京矿物气溶胶外来源的代表,是可以接受的简化。我们所采集的北京有代表性地区的表层土壤中,Mg/Al比值的变化范围为0.28~0.61,仅在1~2倍间,且所有数值均明显高于内蒙古黄土和沙土(Mg/Al≈0.14),可用以区别于外来源。因此,用北京地区各地所采集的地面扬尘Mg/Al的平均值(0.45)作为本地源的代表值,用来估算北京地区矿物气溶胶的本地源,是相对合理的。基于元素Mg和Al的比值(Mg/Al)在上述外来源和本地源沙尘(即矿物气溶胶)中的代表值,可以对北京大气气溶胶中矿物气溶胶部分的本地源和外来源的贡献量进行估算。设北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源的百分含量为X,外来源的百分含量为Y。假设在由源区物质形成的矿物气溶胶的长途输送中,其成分保持不变,则可得:

式中,(Mg/Al)气溶胶为北京气溶胶中的Mg/Al值,(Mg/Al)本地和(Mg/Al)外来分别为北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源和外来源的Mg/Al值。

表22-7列出了根据上面公式计算的北京矿物气溶胶的本地源和外来源的相对平均贡献量。夏季PM 10和PM 2.5的外来源贡献量,分别占19%和20%。冬季则分别为79%和37%。在2002年春季,北京PM 10和PM 2.5的外来源贡献量分别达69%和76%;而且在3月20—22日的沙尘暴期间,TSP、PM 10和PM 2.5的外来源贡献量,甚至高达97%、79%和76%。这些结果表明,外来源对北京矿物气溶胶有重要贡献,而且在冬春季节较夏季尤甚。

表22-7 气溶胶和土壤样品中的Mg/Al值,以及北京矿物气溶胶的外来源贡献量

(续表)

综上所述,北京的大气颗粒物污染非常严重,而且冬季较夏季尤甚。PM 2.5是PM 10的主要组成部分。在夏季,PM 2.5占PM 10的近一半,冬季则大于一半。二次气溶胶(主要是硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐)、有机物地壳物质和元素C,是北京气溶胶中4种最主要的化学组分。硫酸盐在夏季和冬季分别占PM 2.5总质量的32.6%和25.3%。煤炭燃烧、工业和汽车尾气排放以及道路扬尘和外地入侵沙尘,是北京大气颗粒污染物的主要来源。PM 2.5及其中各种化学组分的空间分布相对均匀,PM 10则呈现明显的空间分布。在夏季,工业区大气气溶胶的浓度最高,冬季则以居民区为最高。PM 2.5、PM 10以及各种化学组分的浓度,冬季高于夏季;而夏季气溶胶又以二次气溶胶占显著比例为典型特征。在冬季,外来源对北京PM 10和PM 2.5的贡献,分别为79%和37%;夏季则分别为19%和20%。

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