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滇缅公路:中缅印生命线

时间:2023-10-12 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:1938 年12 月初,苏联援华的六千吨军火从滇缅公路运到昆明,是该路首次运输国外援华物资。1940年7月,英国政府曾关闭滇缅公路三个月,而9月日寇占领印度支那北部,滇越铁路中断,滇缅公路运量直线上升。整个抗战期间,滇缅公路先后运入我国四十四万余吨战略物资。在中国境内,车队的一辆卡车拖着榴弹炮经过中国军队挖的山洞。当时中国军队已经成功阻止了日军对毗邻缅甸的云南的入侵,随后他们还渡过怒江追击日军。

滇缅公路:中缅印生命线

开往腊戍市的新雪佛兰卡车车队经过仰光的寺庙。车上设置了木头架子,搁放一路所需的汽油,这些占了整个车重的60%
Past Rangoon's temples,new Chevrolet trucks headed for Lashio in the Interior.Wooden chassis had been put on here.Gasoline to keep the trucks going made up about 60% of the load.

史迪威公路漫画
A cartoon of Stilwell Road.

滇缅公路运送战略物资四十四万余吨。1938 年12 月初,苏联援华的六千吨军火从滇缅公路运到昆明,是该路首次运输国外援华物资。当时在公路上最初有三百辆车,以后增加到八百辆。后来西南运输管理处迁到昆明。最多的时候,这条公路上每天有两三千辆车在跑,每一公里就好几辆车。1940年7月,英国政府曾关闭滇缅公路三个月,而9月日寇占领印度支那北部,滇越铁路中断,滇缅公路运量直线上升。整个抗战期间,滇缅公路先后运入我国四十四万余吨战略物资。由于英美的援助并非完全无偿,因此我国的钨、锡、水泥、丝、茶桐油、核桃油、猪鬃等也出口外销,换取外汇以偿还外债。

在中国境内,车队的一辆卡车拖着榴弹炮经过中国军队挖的山洞。当时中国军队已经成功阻止了日军对毗邻缅甸的云南的入侵,随后他们还渡过怒江追击日军。一月,他们会合其他的中国军队和美国人穿过缅甸向东挺进。最后,美国坦克来回穿梭,清除日军残余,通往中国的公路重新开通
Just inside China a truck in the convoy towed a howitzer past caves dug in hillside by Chinese troops.At this point the Chinese stopped the Japanese penetration of Yunnan,the Chinese province which adjoins Burma. Later they crossed the Salween River to push the Japanese back.In January they joined other Chinese troops and Americans driving east through Burma.In the stretch where two drives met,U.S.tanks ran up and down the road to clean out the Japanese, and the way to China was open.

中国人驾驶着美国坦克行驶在滇缅公路上
Chinese-manned American tanks on the Burma Road.

在腊戍铁路的一个货站,劳工们在泥水中装载油鼓。为了防止停驻在500 英里外的日本飞机的轰炸,这样的油站散布在不同的地方
At Lashio railhead coolies loaded the gasoline drums in the streaming mud.For fear of bombing by Japanese planes based only 500 miles away,such oil dumps were dispersed.

装着飞机和卡车的板条箱从美国出口货船上卸载到仰光码头。海港非常拥挤,所以飞机和卡车经常是露天组装起来的
Crated planes and trucks were unloaded from American Export freighter onto Rangoon docks.So crowded was the port that assembly of planes and trucks was often in open air.

1944 年,远征军的运输部队行进在胡康河谷通向孟关的公路上
Transportation troops of Chinese Expedition Forces were marching on the Hukawng-Mogaung Valley road.

车队把战争物资通过滇缅公路运往中国
Military supplies were sent to China through the Burma Road.

中国坦克驾乘人员
Chinese tank crew.

公路上行驶的卡车
Trucks on the road.

战机掩护滇缅公路上的中国军队
Fighter protected Chinese troops on the Burma Road.

停车检查爆炸的情况
Paused to checkout explosion.

车队经过
Convoys passing.

拖车刚刚开过被洪水冲损的小桥
Tractor-trailer trucks just got by a nearly washed-out bridge.

中国军队行进在滇缅公路上
Chinese troops moved along the Burma Road.

一辆卡车扬尘飞驰,与空中的雨云赛跑
Lone truck kicked up dust racing rain clouds.

卡车在公路上快速前进,卷起厚厚的尘土
Truck rolled along the road.

中国云南的滇缅公路部分路段
The Burma Road in Yunnan province,China.

在滇缅公路的急拐弯处,公路建设者用斗笠和蓑衣防雨。旱季从11 月开始。一场疟疾夺走了80%的工人的生命,幸存的工人也变得虚弱不堪
Along hairpin turn on Burma Road,road workers kept off rain with straw hats and matting.Dry season started in November.At first malaria killed 80% of the workers,enfeebled the rest.

两辆4 吨位福特卡车在滇缅公路上开向中国云南云雾缭绕的山峰。它们要去往1000 英里之外的重庆
Two four-ton ford trucks headed up the Burma Road toward cloud-wreathed mountains of China's Yunnan province on way to Chungking,1,000 miles away.

滇缅公路上
On the Burma Road.

车队经过滇缅公路上的之字形路段
Convoy traversed switchbacks on the Burma Road.

下面的照片将介绍汽车修理的情况。这个公司的名称是“联合修理公司”。中国人与美国大兵并肩工作,他们边做边学习机械技术。来自纽约布鲁克林的麦克·卡西欧下士说:中国人学起来很快,只是要找到能学习使用工具的中国人有点难。普通中国人不太擅长使用工具,让他们去查看福特发动机的内部构造,他们会感到不自在。在这个公司里的绝大多数中国劳工看来,橡胶轮子的手推车就算得上是现代化的运输工具了。

这台锈迹斑斑的破发动机的一端被卡住了,乔伊纳方舟军士长马文·巴斯与他的三个中国助手正在检查
This once rusted and junked motor blocked nears the end of the line while M/Sgt.Marvin Barnes of Joiner, Ark.,checked with his three Chinese assistants.

位于利多到昆明的中间路段的保山镇,车队的一部分卡车停在一条狭窄的街道上。小镇的居民站在路边平滑的石头上围观车队,他们对卡车已经司空见惯,因为以前的滇缅公路就是从这里经过,但是在战争开始前,这里几乎从来没有出现过白人
In Chinese town of Baoshan, which is about halfway from Ledo to Kunming,part of the convoy pulled down a narrow street.On the smooth old stones of the sidewalks stood the citizens of the town.These Chinese were used to the sight of trucks because the original Burma Road passed this way.Before the war,however,this part of China had almost never been visited by white men.

这是一个车队修理厂,也是车队在东进旅程中的一个小站。车队的驾驶员们在这里修理车辆,逗留一到两天,接下来又继续他们的危险旅程
This was a convoy repair yard and way station on the eastern run where drivers brought their trucks for repair and usually stayed no more than a day or two before going on over the dangerous route.

在艰苦而漫长的运输旅程,一个中途的休息点,华盛顿斯波坎的弗兰克·科斯坦佐中士正在检查一辆溅满泥浆的卡车的散热器
Sgt.Frank Costanzo of Spokane, Wash, inspected the radiator of a mudsplattered truck at a stop in the long and torturous haul which supplies traveled.

1944 年雨季,增援部队沿着利多公路前进(美国军队提供的照片)
Monsoon:reinforcements moving up the Ledo Road,1944.(Proided by U.S.Army)

滇缅公路上
On the Burma Road.

公路旁侧翻的卡车
Trucks off the road.(www.xing528.com)

公路边的卡车残骸,远处的下方是怒江大桥
Wreck on edge of road with Salween River Bridge far below.

这辆满身泥污的坏道奇卡车,是滇缅公路上的老兵。美国机械师还要负责教中国人怎样维修车辆
This bashed and muddy Dodge truck was a veteran of the rood.A mission of American mechanics was on way to Burma to teach Chinese how to keep their machines in repair.

滇缅公路上的绝大部分车辆都是美国制造的卡车,但在1937 年以前,这里一辆汽车都没有过。照片中的卡车差点开进了河里。在公路的狭窄路段和急转弯处,事故频发
American-made trucks carried most of the traffic on the Burma Road where until 1937 a car had never been seen.This one nearly fell in river.Accidents were frequent on narrow,hairpin turns.

在滇缅公路上,这样的事故一个月要发生2000次,将公路上弄得混乱不堪。车胎和零件都会被回收。组装不当的卡车车轴经常会断裂,绝大多数卡车在驾驶时都只能挂低档
A road casualty,one of 2,000 a month,littered the Burma Road.Tires and parts would be salvaged.Improperly loaded trucks often broke axles.Most driving was in low gear.

以下照片再现了昆明到贵阳的运输情况,由美国军官小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒提供,他曾经负责滇缅公路的物资押运,亲历了许多历史场景。

沿路所见的田野和群山(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Fields and mountains on the way.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

在昆明和贵阳的交界处见到的洗衣服的妇女(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Women washing clothes on the border between Kunming and Guiyang.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

从昆明到贵阳的途中,到处峰峦起伏(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
The undulating mountains along the way from Kunming to Guiyang.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

盘县印象(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
A bird view of Pan county.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

从车中拍到的负重前行的妇女(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Woman carrying a heavy load.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

我在押运途中的留影。眼前是昆明到贵阳的路途上特有的梯田地貌(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/提供)
I was on the way from Kunming to Guiyang.In the picture were the terraced fields we saw on the way.(Provided by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

负重的妇女(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
A woman carrying a heavy load.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

进入高山深谷之后,我站在山上较高位置所拍摄的滇缅公路,蜿蜒盘曲,像个S 形,但是,从地势高度来看,这算是很平缓的地段了(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Looking from a higher position,the winding China-Burma Road in the mountains was like an “S”,though it was flat compared to the geopotentia.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

站在半山腰回望峡谷的道路。(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Looking back at the valley from half way up the mountain.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

从车中看到的行人(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Pedestrians on the road.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

船上的妇人和小孩(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
A woman and her kid on a boat.(Photographed by Frederick F SchallerJr.)

运输物资的卡车(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
A truck transporting supplies.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

逶迤而去的滇缅公路(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Winding China-Burma Road.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

秋天乡间田野的景色十分迷人(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
The charming countryside in the autumn.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

我跟在车队的后面,眼前视野开阔,公路笔直,非常惬意(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
The straight road and a pleasant broad view.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

秋天的收获场面(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Harvest.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

当时马路上行驶的公共汽车,往往人满为患,本该装货物的车顶都坐满了人(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Buses were always crowded. Even the storage racks on the top were used for passengers.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

运送军用物资的车队,每天昼夜不停地行进(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Transportation trucks ran on the road day and night.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

沿途道路相当艰险,事故随处可见。图中是路边倒翻的卡车(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
The trip was hard and accidents were not rare. In the picture was an overturned truck.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

美军来来往往的物资运输车辆(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Working transportation trucks of American troops.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

沿途经常有军用卡车发生故障停在路边,一些农民提着家里一些自产的食物出来叫卖(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Peasants were selling their self-made food to the brokendown trucks.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

吉普车旁稍事休息的士兵(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Soldiers resting beside a jeep.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

疲惫不堪的美军和国民党官兵(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Whacked American and KMT officers and soldiers.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

美军车队司机在帐篷宿营(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
An American driver of the transportation motorcade was camping in a tent.(Photographed by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

运输车队的炊烟(小弗雷德里克·F·施安勒/摄)
Smoke from cooking.(Photograph by Frederick F Schaller,Jr.)

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