强调与平行结构指导原则

1 强调结构

在英语中，有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气、增强感情色彩或加强对比，需要改变句子结构，这种结构叫作强调结构(Emphatic Structure)。在现代英语中，强调的主要手段有词汇手段、语法手段及it作主语的强调结构等。

(1) 动汇手段

① 用强调性形容词very，single等。

例 Red Army fought a battle on this very spot. 红军就在此地打过一仗。

Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon. 今天下午竟然没有一个人在办公室。

② 用强调性副词especially，right，just 等。

例 I like Beijing especially (=particularly) in Autumn. 我尤其喜欢秋天的北京。

I like the story very much, especially the last part. 我十分喜欢这个故事，尤其是故事的最后部分。

③ 用强调性疑问词，ever，on earth，in the world等。这些短语或单词用于肯定句意为“究竟”，用于否定句意为“全然，一点也……”。也可加强最高级的语气，意为“最最”。

例 He had not a penny in the world. 他身无分文。

That is the most ridiculous thing on earth. 那是世界上最可笑的事情了。

④ 用强调性否定词at all，in the least，a bit等。

例 She wasn’t in the least angry with me. 她一点儿都不生我的气。

Do you know it at all? 你究竟知道不知道?

⑤ 用作同位语的反身代词itself ，himself， yourself，myself等表示强调。

例 I myself will see her off at the station. 我将亲自到车站为她送行。

You can do it well yourself. 你自己能做好这件事情。

⑥ 用助动词do (does)，did表强调。

例 The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold. 那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。

Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache. 务必保持安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。

⑦ 用“... and that”“... and those”“not... too much”“否定加否定”等结构表示强调。

例 They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days. 他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。

I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday. 前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。

(2) 语法手段

语法手段主要指书面语言中通过改变词序达到强调的目的。

① 为了加强语气或为了上下文的衔接通顺。

例 On his desk I found a book about love story. 在他的桌子上我发现了一本关于爱情故事的书。

Under her arm she was carrying a great album. 她的腋下挟着一本很大的相册。

② 在谓语动词为come, sit, lie, stand和walk等不及物动词时，为了强调状语，通常将强调的状语放在句首，其语序是动词在前，主语在后，不借用助动词do。

例 In a corner of the room sat a little girl. 房间的角落里坐着一个小女孩。

Down the street marched the band. 乐队沿着街道走远了。

③ 以否定副词如never，not only，hardly，no sooner，seldom，at no time, on no account, in no way等开头的句子表示强调。注意此时句子为倒装要借用助动词do / does / did或have / has / had来构成。

例 Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.我们不仅丢了钱，还险些丢了命。

Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone started to ring. 我刚刚进屋电话铃就响起来了。

(3) 用引导动it作主语的强调结构

① 强调主语，被强调的主语是人时，可用It is/was ... that / who ... ，但如果被强调的部分既包括人又包括物，只能用that。

例 It is he that / who teaches us maths every morning. 每天早上教我们数学的是他。

It is the famous writer and his works that have aroused great interest among the students. 正是这位著名作家以及他的作品引起了学生们的极大兴趣。

② 强调宾语

例 It is maths that he teaches us every Friday morning. 每周五早上他教我们的是数学。

It is the movies and stars that they often talk about.他们经常谈论的是电影和明星。

③ 强调状语

例 It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment. 就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。

It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。

④“特殊疑问词+ is (was) + it + that +句子”结构的强调

如果强调的是特殊疑问句，要用“特殊疑问词+ is (was) + it + that +句子”结构， that有时可省，表示“究竟在哪里……”“到底是谁……”等。

例 Where was it (that) you saw the man? 你到底是在哪里看见那个人的?

Who was it (that) you want to see? 你究竟想见谁?

2 平行结构

平行结构又叫排比，它将两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能相同的词、词组、分句等成串排列，以表达同类的行为、思想、概念的一种结构序列，从语法角度看属于并列结构。平行结构常常使用并列连词如and, but, or, neither... nor, either ... or, not only ... but also, both ... and等时，所连接的应该是名词对名词，副词对副词，分词对分词，不定式对不定式，动词对动词，句子对句子等，而不能把其中一个概念用分词结构表达，另外两个概念用不定式或从句表达。

(1) 平行结构的主要类型

① 单词平行

由单个形容词、名词和动词等词排列而成。

例 This attitude results in a nation of people committed to research，experimenting and exploring. 这种态度造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。 An Englishman thinks seated；a Frenchman，standing；an American，pacing；an Irishman，after-ward. 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。

a. 名词平行结构

例 The patient’s symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。

Earlier in her life，Kate had been a waitress，a nurse，and a teacher. 凯特早先曾当过侍者、护士和教师。

b. 形容词、副词平行结构

例 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。

The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。

c. 分词平行结构

例 The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 男孩子们一边跑，一边喊着、笑着。

The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted. 老人失望而疲惫地回到了家里。

d. 动名词平行结构(www.xing528.com)

例 Henry’s work is reading books and writing book reviews. 亨利的工作是读读书、写写书评。

He studied，taught and experimented. 他研究、教学并搞试验。

e. 动词不定式平行结构

例 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书可以浅尝辄止；有些书可以狼吞虎咽；而有些书则需要细嚼慢咽、好好消化。

To support his family and to put himself through college，he worked seven hours a day. 为了养家糊口，并使自己读完大学，他一天工作七小时。

② 短语平行

由介词短语、动词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等词组并列而成。

a. 介词短语平行结构

例 We went to the museum by bike instead of by bus. 我们骑自行车而不是坐公共汽车去博物馆。

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书使人愉悦，使人高雅，使人聪慧。

b. 谓语动词短语平行结构

例 May you keep fit, study well and work hard. 祝你身体好，学习好，工作好。

c. 分词短语平行结构

例 They entered the classroom, talking excitedly and laughing heartily. 他们走进教室，兴奋地交谈着，开怀大笑。

They worked every moment they could spare，weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking. 他们分秒必争地干着，又是称呀，又是煮呀，又是算呀，又是思考呀。

d. 动名词短语平行结构

例 Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students. 懂得怎样学习、学会合理支配时间对大学生而言很重要。

Dentists advise brushing your teeth after each meal and avoiding too much sugar in your diet. 牙科医生建议每顿饭后刷牙，避免在饮食中摄入过多的糖分。

e. 动词不定式短语平行结构

例 I like to be up first in my own camp，to wake the cook myself，to shave while he boils the kettle and then to call the rest of the company with a warm cup of coffee. 我喜欢在自己的营棚里第一个起身，亲自叫醒厨师，并在他烧开水时刮脸，然后叫其余人喝上一杯热咖啡。

③ 句子平行

a. 从句平行

由相同的从句并列而成。

例 If happy when you come and sad when gone； would that you’d never come or never gone! 如果你来了就快乐，去了就悲伤，倒不如压根儿别来也别往。

If you write or if you telephone，wait for two weeks until I return from Singapore. 你如果写信或打电话，请等两星期后我从新加坡回来再说。

b. 整句平行

由几个句子并列而成。

例 The world listens. The world watches. The world waits to see what we will do. 世界在倾听，世界在注视，世界在等待着我们做些什么。

We are caught in war，wanting peace. We are torn by division，wanting unity. 我们被卷入战争，渴望着和平。我们被分隔搞得四分五裂，期望统一。

注：这些句子工整、对称，酷似汉语的对偶句。因此，parallelism又常译为排偶。因为这种英语修辞格相当于汉语的排比和对偶。

(2) 平行结构的用法

① 连词连接两个对等的词和两个对等的结构

并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both ... and, neither ... nor, either ... or, not only ... but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。

a. 所连接的谓语形式必须一致

例 He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 他去市里买些

书,顺便看看他女儿。

Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later. 火药十二世纪就被发明了，但直到两百年后它才用于战争中。

b. 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致

例 We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 我们常常去乡下，也常常去工厂。

I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. 我宁可去乡下，也不想留在这里。

c. 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致

例 Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 有的人认为游泳比坐在家里读书更有趣。

He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper. 他在写信，而不是读报纸。

d. 所连接的句子结构必须一致

例 She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 她对你给予的和告诉她的一切感到满意。

The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us. 这项研究的目的对他们与对我们有不同的意义。

② 某些特定的固定结构

a. 有些词后要用平行结构

相比……更喜欢……

prefer A to B

prefer doing A to doing B

prefer to do A rather than do B

b. 有些结构中要用平行结构

宁可……也不……

would / had rather / sooner do A than do B

would / had as soon do A as do B

雅思/托福真题解析

1. With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.

分析 本句为单句，主语是satire，谓语为3个平行的动词：rearranges, scrambles, speaks。

译文 讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。

2. It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.

分析 It was ... who为强调句；the first copies为前面the first official copies的同位语。

译文 就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣言》签署者名字并因此预告所有13个殖民地的支持的早期版本。