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希腊神话传说与戏剧:选段解读西尔达·杜丽特尔

时间:2023-07-21 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:3.诗剧选段希腊文化带给H.D.一个个奇伟瑰丽的神话传说,与此同时,灿烂辉煌的希腊戏剧也为她的创作提供了不竭的源泉。他的悲剧多以复仇为主题,对正义与人性善恶的标准展开深入的探讨。那极其简短的诗行、词句的反复,以及不规则但充满节奏感的诗歌韵律使她的译作带有显著的个人风格,同时也完美再现了原作雄浑悲壮的戏剧风格。本章选取的三段合唱词,均源自欧里庇得斯的悲剧。

希腊神话传说与戏剧:选段解读西尔达·杜丽特尔

3.诗剧选段

希腊文化带给H.D.一个个奇伟瑰丽的神话传说,与此同时,灿烂辉煌的希腊戏剧也为她的创作提供了不竭的源泉。H.D.最喜爱的希腊剧作家是著名的悲剧大师欧里庇得斯(Euripidies)。他的悲剧多以复仇为主题,对正义与人性善恶的标准展开深入的探讨。从19世纪20年代开始,H.D.就开始了对欧里庇得斯剧作的翻译,特别是歌队合唱词(chorus)的翻译。歌队是希腊戏剧的重要组成部分,一般由50、15或12个代表不同身份的歌舞演员组成,他们身着亮丽的服饰,在戏剧的开场、退场和每一场演出中,都要载歌载舞,甚至会参与戏剧的情节。他们的合唱词起着交待故事背景、推动情节发展、表现人物心理和烘托戏剧情境的作用。H.D.在翻译这些合唱词时,不拘泥于原文的音律,而更看重对人物感情和戏剧冲突的生动再现。那极其简短的诗行、词句的反复,以及不规则但充满节奏感的诗歌韵律使她的译作带有显著的个人风格,同时也完美再现了原作雄浑悲壮的戏剧风格。除了翻译戏剧作品,H.D.也创作了少量诗剧,如《海门》(Hymen)和以欧里庇得斯原著为蓝本创作的《西波里特斯·泰伯莱易斯》(Hippolytus Temporizes)。本章选取的三段合唱词,均源自欧里庇得斯的悲剧。

酒神的女信徒》里的合唱词

希腊神话中的酒神狄奥尼索斯(Dionysos/Dionysus)是主神宙斯底比斯女子西姆莱(Semele)之子,为避免妒忌成性的天后赫拉的报复,他出生后,被宙斯交给山林女仙抚养。欧里庇得斯的悲剧《酒神的女信徒》(The Bacchae)讲述了酒神长大后回到他的出生地底比斯城,看到举国上下都对他顶礼膜拜,唯独国王一人不信奉他,并阻拦当地人对他进行祭拜。他十分恼怒,将国王诱骗到山中。山里正进行酒神崇拜仪式的人将国王杀死,而愤怒的母后还肢解了国王的尸体。“The Bacchae”或“The Bacchantes”是酒神巴克斯(Bacchus)(狄奥尼索斯的罗马名)的祭司和信众的意思。在古希腊的一些城市里,曾经盛行膜拜酒神的秘密仪式,参加的人多为当地妇女,她们手舞足蹈,让自己在迷狂的状态中与酒神亲近。下面所选的唱词表现的正是祭祀仪式的热烈场面。

      谁在那里,

      谁走在路上?

      谁在那里,

      谁留在街中?

      回去,

      回到,各自的家里,

      任谁也别,

      也别开腔;

      管住你们的舌头;

      噢哟,别再

      絮絮叨叨,

      马上,

      我就用

      激昂演讲的调子

      向狄奥尼索斯献歌。

      哈,快活呀,快活呀,

      前生注定

      要来参加神圣的

      山中祭拜仪式的诸位哟;

      哈,有福呀,有福呀,

      找寻山林女神

      众神之母西布莉[16]的灵魂哟,

      神母高擎

      常春藤缠绕的酒神杖[17]

      等候着

      狄奥尼索斯。

      巴克斯的信徒们,

      快,

      赶快,

      祈求他,把他请出

      弗里吉亚的山巅,

      (主神的亲生子)

      请回道路宽广的

      希腊

      圣城

      啊,底比斯,

      西姆莱的生养地,

      加冕,

      为自己加冕,

      用松枝,

      常春藤

      和开花的牛尾

      那亮丽的

      果实;

      底比斯,

      用橡树叶为自己加冕吧,

      来跳舞,

      跳舞,

      跳舞,

      狂舞一曲;

      用羊毛

      绑上鹿皮,

      高筑

      神圣的前廊,

      起舞,直到大地舞动;

      当布若米奥斯[18]

      从山下

      到高远的峰峦

      挥令

      他威严崇高的祭司,

      大地必将舞动,

      (妇女们放下

      纺线杆,

      不再纺布)

      巴克斯

      令我们癫狂,

      癫狂,

      癫狂。

      啊,美妙啊,在山头

      穿着农牧神②[19]皮毛跳舞,

      直跳到昏厥倒地,

      敲响神圣的舞拍,

      直到委身在地

      筋疲力尽;

      啊,美妙啊,飞奔

      向前,然后,

      去到弗里吉亚的山巅,

      品尝神秘的圣羊肉;

      啊,这是多么的美妙,

      啊,美妙啊

      布若米奥斯居住的吕底亚群山;

      哟嗬,

      布若米奥斯引领我们

      高擎神仗,

      他自己

      竟好似松树火炬,

      他自己就是烈焰与火光

      他亲自

      高呼,

      向前,

      向前,

      向前;

      田野滴淌

      蜜汁,

      美酒,

      跟白乳;

      火炬散发烟香;

      向前,

      向前,

      巴克斯、布若米奥斯高呼,

      惊醒游荡的兽群,

      喊声欢快令它们迷醉,

      光彩照人的头发披散;

      他吟诵,

      他呼喊,

      噢,噢,奔向前

      像金色笼罩的特摩罗山[20]

      熠熠生辉

      巴克斯的信徒们,

      敲响深沉的鼓声,

      和着弗里吉亚的吟咏,

      唱呀,伊维俄斯

      圣洁的长笛为你伴奏,

      歌声迷人美妙。

      鼓动,

      鼓动我们狂舞

      从山下

      跳到高远的山峰;

      那就听他唱吧,

      巴克斯的信徒们,

      雀跃而出,

      像那草场上

      围绕母马脚边的

      野马驹,

      信徒们敲响

      癫狂的舞拍。

Chorus fromThe Bacchae

      Who is there,

      who is there in the road?

      who is there,

      who is there in the street?

      back,

      back,each to his house,

      let no one,

      no one speak;

      chasten your tongues;

      Ocease

      frommurmuring,

      for swift,

      I cry with every note

      of concentrated speech

      my song to Dionysos.

      Ohappy,happy each

      man whompredestined fate

      leads to the holy rite

      of hill and mountain worship;

      Oblessed,blessed spirit

      who seeks themountain goddess,

      Cybele mother-spirit,

      who carrying aloft

      the thyrsus,ivy-wrapt,

      waits upon

      Dionysos.

      Bacchantes,

      swift,

      be swift,

      invoke and drawhimback

      fromPhrygian mountain-peaks,

      (God's son whomGod begot)

      back to the broad-paved

      sacred towns

      of Greece.

      OThebes,

      Semele's nurse,

      crown,

      crown yourself

      with pine branch,

      with ivy

      and the bright

      fruit

      of the flowering smilax;

      Thebes,

      crown yourself with oak leaf

      and dance,

      dance,

      dance,

      ecstatic;

      bind with wool

      to the deer pelt,

      lift high

      the sacred narthex,

      and dance until the earth dance;

      the earth must dance

      when Bromios

      conducts

      his sacred high priests

      fromhill

      to distant hill peak,

      (those women the distaff

      no longer claims

      nor spun cloth)

      driven mad,

      mad,

      mad

      by Bacchus.

      Ah,it is sweet on the hills,

      to dance in sacred faun-pelt,

      to dance until one falls faint,

      to beat the sacred dance-beat

      until one drops down

      worn out;

      ah,it is sweet to rush

      on,then,

      to Phrygian hill-peaks,

      to taste the sacred raw flesh

      ofmystic sacred goat-meat;

      ah,it is sweet,

      ah,sweet

      the Lydian hills with Bromios;

      Evoe,

      Bromios leads us

      bearing aloft the narthex,

      himself

      even as the pine-torch,

      himself the flame and torch-light,

      cries,

      on,

      on,

      on;

      the fields drip

      honey

      and wine

      and whitemilk;

      the torches smell of incense;

      on,

      on,

      cries Bacchus,Bromios,

      rousing the wandering wild pack,

      enchanting themwith glad shouts,

      tossing his glorious hair loose;

      he chants,

      he cries,

      O,O forth

      golden

      as gold-decked Tmolos

      Bacchantes,

      beat deep drum-note,

      with Phrygian chant,

      sing Evius

      with Sacred flute

      and sweet note,

      incite,

      incite our wild dance

      fromhill

      to distant hill-peak;

      so hearing him,

      Bacchantes,

      leap out

      and as the wild-colt

      atmeadow,

      round itsmare's feet,

      they beat

      ecstatic dance-beat.

《赫卡柏》里的合唱词

《赫卡柏》(Hecuba)是欧里庇得斯的一出著名悲剧,讲述了特洛伊王国陷落后,丧夫失子的特洛伊王后赫卡柏和女儿被流放为奴。在途中,她的女儿被希腊人杀死以祭祀战死的希腊首领阿克里斯。之后,她又得知被寄养在朋友处的小儿子也被背信弃义的朋友杀死。悲痛欲绝的赫卡柏最后用计刺瞎了朋友的眼睛,为子复仇。所选的这段唱词表现了赫卡柏流亡海上,不知身归何处的凄凉心境。

      海风,

      哦,何处呀,

      何处,

      穿越海水和浪花,

      你要带

      悲痛的我

      去何处?

      何处呀,

      我将被带到何处

      卖身成奴?

      是塞萨利吗?

      我将在河神开辟的,

      水道密布的

      河边流浪?

      还是卖到多利斯的某个海市?

      哦,风呀,

      风呀,

      向我转身,

      你急驰在

      海船身旁,

      奔腾

      轰鸣的浪尖,

      跟我说说话,

      海风,

      且听着;

      何处,

      何处是希腊的土地,

      你要带

      被放逐的我

      去哪个港湾,

      遭遇不幸?

      海风,

      哦,何处呀,

      何处,

      何处,

      穿越海水和浪花,

      你要带

      悲痛的我

      去何处?

      风,

      海风,

      莫非要带我去那里?

      那儿有月桂棕榈

      花开在奇妙的叶里,

      凛然护卫

      美貌的勒托[21]诞下

      高贵宙斯的

      双生子。

      风呀,

      风呀,

      莫非我要在

      棕榈和月桂叶

      飘散没药香的地方

      老去;

      莫非我要

      跟随少女,踩着固定的舞步,

      在癫狂中歌咏

      吟诵

      女神[22]的金矢,

      金弓

      和头饰?

      风呀,

      风呀,

      风呀,

      莫非

      横扫海波

      船桨

      将划向

      得洛斯?

      海风,

      哦,何处呀,

      何处,

      穿越海水和浪花,

      你要带

      悲痛的我

      去何处?

      近些也罢,

      远些也罢,

      莫非我会被人买去,

      发现

      梭子,

      衣针,

      机杼

      成为我的命运?

      莫非我注定

      要去遥远的帕拉斯[23]

      的宫廷?

      什么样

      番红花色的红丝,

      我会用来

      穿针走线

      直到

      描绘

      那永世神伟的克罗诺斯之子,

      神伟宙斯的

      图案显现?

      莫非我要刺绣

      绣出

      巨神腾空,

      火球霹雳,

      雅典娜那套好的战车?

      风呀,

      风呀,

      我在此伫立,

      风呀,

      风呀,

      伫立在生年之尽;

      海门[24]朝着死神弃我而去;

      欢爱离开了,

      光明离开了

      我的家庭;

      我面朝欧罗巴,

      从亚细亚(www.xing528.com)

      这沦丧之地;

      风呀

      风呀

      风呀

      是不是最好

      和雄伟的亚细亚

      一同死去?

      风呀

      风呀

      风呀

      是不是应该

      抛舍我的孩子,我的家园,

      我的臣民(难逃一死的臣民)

      在远方

      汹涌的波涛上

      流浪?

      海风,

      哦,何处呀,

      何处,

      穿越海水和浪花,

      你要带

      悲痛的我

      去何处?

      近些也罢,

      远些也罢,

      我哭号;

      我迷失了方向,

      生不如死

      无论

      为帕拉斯飞梭走线,

      还是歌颂

      狩猎女神,

      我盛年的花朵

      已随我的父辈,

      我的孩子,

      和我的家园一起,

      破损,

      凋残,

      飘逝;

      风呀,

      风呀,

      希腊的利剑

      和火炬下

      我们走到了尽头。

Sea-Chorus from Hecuba

      Wind of the sea,

      O where,

      where,

      where

      through the salt and spray,

      do you bearme,

      in misery?

      where,

      where,

      shall I be brought,

      bought as a slave

      for what house,

      shall it be Thessaly?

      shall I wander along the creeks

      where Apidanus breaks

      myriad water-ways,

      or sold to some Doric sea-mart?

      O wind,

      wind,

      turn tome,

      you who are swift to pace

      beside the deep-sea ships,

      who are swift to race

      fromcrest to thundering sea-crest,

      speak to me,

      sea-wind,

      hear;

      where,

      where is the land of the Greek,

      do you take me,

      to what seaport,

      exiled,

      unfortunate?

      Wind of the sea,

      O where,

      where,

      where,

      where,

      through the salt and spray,

      do you bear me

      in misery?

      wind,

      sea-wind,

      shall it be

      where first the bay and palm-tree

      blossomed in mystic leaf,

      sacrosanct to protect

      fair Leto for the birth,

      twin-born,

      begot of High Zeus?

      wind,

      wind,

      shall I grow old

      where the palm-trees still unfold

      myrrh of leaf

      and the laurel-tree;

      shall I sing,

      chant in ecstasy,

      with maiden,in the set dance,

      gold arrows of the goddess,

      her gold bow

      and her head-dress?

      wind,

      wind,

      wind,

      shall it be

      that the sea-oars,

      sweeping the sea,

      take the roadway

      to Delos?

      Wind of the sea,

      O where,

      where,

      where,

      through the salt and spray,

      do you bear me

      in misery?

      or nearer,

      or further,

      shall I be claimed by another

      and find

      the shuttle,

      the needle,

      the loom

      my fate?

      amI doomed

      to the court

      of far Pallas?

      what thread,

      glowing crocus and red,

      shall I thread

      upon multiple thread,

      till the pattern unfold

      to depict

      great Zeus,

      son of ever-greatCronos?

      shall I prick

      out

      the flight of the giants,

      the fire-bolt,

      Athena's yoked chariot?

      Wind,

      wind,

      here I stand,

      wind,

      wind,

      at an end;

      Hymen has leftme for Death;

      love passes,

      light passes

      my hearth;

      I face Europe

      fromAsia,

      this lost land;

      wind,

      wind,

      wind,

      were it best

      to die

      in great Asia's death?

      wind,

      wind,

      wind,

      were itwise

      to leave my children,my home,

      my people(death's people)

      to roam

      afar

      on the gathering wave-crest?

      Wind of the sea,

      O where,

      where,

      where,

      through the salt and spray

      do you bear me

      in misery?

      or further,

      or nearer,

      I cry;

      I amlost,

      I amdead

      whether I

      thread the shuttle for Pallas

      or praise

      the huntress,

      the flower ofmy days

      is stricken,

      is broken,

      is gone

      with my fathers,

      my child

      and my home;

      wind,

      wind,

      we have found an end

      in the sword of the Greek

      and his fire-brand.

《伊翁》里的合唱词

《伊翁》(Ion)是欧里庇得斯的又一部力作。雅典王后被太阳神阿波罗强占后,生下了遗腹子伊翁,并把他弃置山头。太阳神神庙里的女祭司发现伊翁后,收养了他。伊翁长大后在神庙里担任祭司的仆从。雅典国王和王后多年来一直无子,最后到神庙里求神谕。他们与伊翁在神庙里相见,随后展开了一段母子相认的故事。下面的唱词描述了伊翁在清扫神庙时,为了庙堂和神像不受玷污,规劝鸟雀飞离,以免遭他射杀的情景。

      帕纳塞斯山[25]上的鸟儿们,

      飞快地

      你们冲出了

      最巍峨的群峰;

      你们盘旋,俯冲

      你们晃动,栖息在

      镏金的飞檐上,无所畏惧;

      你这雄鹰,

      神灵英武的使节,

      在飞途中,

      撕扯,攻击鸣禽,

      我的箭矢朝你呼啸而去,

      快快

      飞离;

      啊,飘舞,

      啊,飘舞

      那样柔曼,那样轻盈,

      你的赤足如此灵巧

      助你翩然飞舞

      飞落街衢,

      天鹅呀,天鹅

      你当真以为

      你那与太阳神琴声相谐的

      歌声

      能护佑你免遭

      箭矢的飞袭?

      回转去,

      回到

      得洛斯岛的湖水里;

      为免所有的乐符

      中止、停息

      溅血的咽喉里

      歌声沉寂,

      回转去,

      趁为时尚早,

      回到

      波浪翻滚的得洛斯岛。

      哎哟,竟还有一只,

      什么?

      你胆敢把卑微的窠巢

      筑在飞檐?

      唱响,唱响

      我的弓弦,

      告诉那只为了幼雏,

      竟把屋宇搭在

      神庙的贼鸟,

      河神依旧

      甜言蜜语

      引诱

      小鸟飞来此地,

      伊斯特摩斯地峡依旧

      与森林争辉;

      洁白的塑像上

      岂容发现

      一支麦秸,

      一根鸟羽,

      太阳神定要他的庙门亮堂;

      可是,鸟儿们呀,

      虽然我这劳作

      从不改变,

      虽然我这任务明确无误,

      虽然我应将你们杀戮,

      但我,身为神的仆役,

      从这里获取

      食物跟生计,

      清扫着庙宇,

      仍要起誓

      誓将你们挽救,

      鸟儿们,精灵们,

      歌声生出双翼

      向世人传达神旨。

      依旧,

      河神依旧清音朦胧

      引诱群鸟

      飞到水边,

      啊,伊斯特摩斯地峡中依旧

      山花烂漫;

      为了不让所有的乐符

      中止、停息

      溅血的咽喉里

      歌声沉寂,

      回转去,

      趁为时尚早,

      回到

      波涛滚滚的得洛斯岛去。

The Bird-Chorus fromIon

      Birds fromParnassus,

      swift

      you dart

      fromthe loftiest peaks;

      you hover,dip,

      you sway and perch

      undaunted on the gold-set cornice;

      you eagle,

      god'smajestic legate,

      who tear,who strike

      song-birds in mid-flight,

      my arrowwhistles toward you,

      swift

      be off;

      ah drift,

      ah drift

      so soft,so light,

      your scarlet foot so deftly placed

      to waft you neatly

      to the pavement,

      swan,swan

      and do you really think

      your song

      that tunes the harp of Helios,

      will save you

      fromthe arrow-flight?

      turn back,

      back

      to the lake of Delos;

      lest all the song notes

      pause and break

      across a blood-stained throat

      gone songless,

      turn back,

      back

      ere it be too late,

      to wave-swept Delos.

      Alas,and still another,

      what?

      you'd place your mean nest

      in the cornice?

      sing,sing

      my arrow-string,

      tell to the thief

      that plaits its house

      for fledglings

      in the god's own house,

      that still the Alpheus

      whispers sweet

      to lure

      the birdlets to the place,

      that still the Isthmus

      shines with forests;

      on the white statues

      must be found

      no straw nor litter

      of bird-down,

      Phoebusmust have his portal fair;

      and yet,Obirds,

      though thismy labour

      is set,

      though thismy task is clear,

      though Imust slay you,

      I,god's servant,

      I who take here

      my bread and life

      and sweep the temple,

      still I swear

      that I would save you,

      birds or spirits,

      winged songs

      and tell tomen god's will;

      still,still

      the Alpheus whispers clear

      to lure the bird-folk

      to its waters,

      ah still

      the Isthmus

      blossoms fair;

      lest all the song notes

      pause and break

      across a blood-stained throat

      gone songless,

      turn back,

      back

      ere it be too late,

      to wave-swept Delos.

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