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商务汉译英语序调整的重要性

时间:2023-05-23 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:内容讲解商务汉译英中的语序调整汉语属于语义型语言,英语属于形态性语言,所以二者存在不同的语序。语序反映了一个民族语言使用者的逻辑思维模式、心理结构模式和言语表达习惯。虽然总体而言,汉英两种语言的正常语序在很多方面是吻合的,但也有很多不同之处,本章着重探讨汉英在词语和语序两个方面的差异。

商务汉译英语序调整的重要性

热身练习

1.钢铁业

2.性能完善

3.资信可靠

4.多元化市场

5.流动性过剩

6.经风雨,见世面

7.ISO 9000 标准认证

8.“三角增长”地带

9.经济增长不能以环境破坏为代价,这已达成了共识。

10.如果在购货七天内对我们的货物不满意,我们保证全额退款。

内容讲解

商务汉译英中的语序调整

汉语属于语义型语言英语属于形态性语言,所以二者存在不同的语序(词序和句序)。语序反映了一个民族语言使用者的逻辑思维模式、心理结构模式和言语表达习惯。语序是指词在短语或句子线性排列和组合的次序,包括词序和句序。词序,顾名思义,指的是两个或两个以上的单词的排列顺序,这样的单词多是词组,但也有自由组合的情况,在简单的词序上,中英文是可以逐词对应的,比如:本息(principal and interest)、留存收益(retained revenue)、经贸关系(economic and trade relations)、出口产品(export products)等等。但若词义丰富或层次较多,对应的英文是需要调整词序的,例如,中国主要的出口产品(major Chinese export products/major export products from China)、人均可支配收入(disposable income per capita)。

语序是表达句意和句法关系的重要手段,有时语序的不同还会体现出迥异的修辞效果和语体效果。比如有一则英文广告:“Like son,like father; like daughter,like mother.”,它采用仿拟的修辞手法,颠倒顺序,实现了广告应用的引人注意的目的。虽然总体而言,汉英两种语言的正常语序在很多方面是吻合的,但也有很多不同之处,本章着重探讨汉英在词语和语序两个方面的差异。

一、词序的调整

1.在VN 式(V-动词,N-名词)及其变形结构的名词短语中,汉语短语的两个组成部分共同表示一个概念,而英语则把动词转化为动名词(或名词),因而短语中心也在后半部分。例如:

洗钱money laundering 捐款money donation

防潮damp proof 握手handshake

凑份子money collection 证明文件documentary proof

地址的写法上就可以看出,英文习惯于“从小到大”的表达方式,这一点与中文正好相反。在涉及较多语义层次的情况下,往往通过添加介词的手段来实现从小到大的表达。

例1:设在位于纽约市中心一座摩天大楼第四十层楼里的那件办公室,就是他工作的小天地。

译文:The office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world he works in.

例2:欧盟家电能耗等级分为A 到G 的7 个等级,其中最高级的A 级家电比普通产品节能45%以上。

译文:Energy consumption in home appliances in the EU countries is labeled by seven classes from A to G,among which the top class A indicates that energy consumption is 45 percent lower than unlabeled electric products.

2.在NN 式(N-名词)并列短语及其变形短语中,汉语常把核心词放在首位,而英语则把核心词放在后面。

合同草案a draft contract 董事长先生Mr.President

咨询专家an expert consultant 电工学徒an apprentice electrician

得失loss and gain 敌我(矛盾)contradictions between ourselves and enemies

例3:新合同草案规定,私营石油公司不得向世界银行下属的国际投资争端解决中心寻求国际仲裁

译文:The new draft contract prevents private petroleum companies from using the option of international arbitration at the World Bank's International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes.

3.在有些特殊短语中,英语的语序有别于汉语。例如:

细分市场market segment 离婚判决书decree nisi

结平账户account balanced 法人团体body corporal

应付账款accounts payable 应收账款accounts receivable (due)

确凿证据proof positive 选料考究choice materials

香味浓郁aromatic / fragrant (in) flavor 兼并提案proposed merger

性能可靠dependable performance 做工精细fine workmanship

衣食住行food,clothing,shelter and transportation

4.某些汉语修饰词在英语中翻译为后置介词短语。

退休年龄age at retirement

重要事宜matters of importance

“走出去”战略the strategy of “going out”

西部大开发战略national strategy of developing the Western region

海内外新老朋友the old and new friends both at home and abroad

5.方位表达上的差异。

在方位表达上,中国习惯讲究先横后纵、从左到右,而西方国家却恰恰相反,所以我们经常在翻译或写作中将方位颠倒,比如:

左顾右盼look right and left 转战南北fight north and south

东南西北north and south,east and west 中国的西北部the north-west of China

6.观点视角上的差异。

在汉语中,我们观察现实世界时,总是从事物的外表形态的大到小、从里到外、从无到有、先男后女的顺序来进行描述,而在西方国家则恰好相反,表达习惯一般遵循“靠近原则”,即越能说明本质属性的修饰词越靠近它所修饰的名词,甚至有时候会根据词的长短来决定,短的在前,长的在后。比如:

中小学primary and middle school

中长期计划Long-and Medium-term plans

中小企业Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises

内外external and internal

贫富the rich and the poor

新郎新娘the bride and the groom

社会主义的现代化强国a modern powerful socialist country

有时候在翻译短语时,也可以模仿英文表达上的“从小到大”习惯进行处理。比如:

例4:由于一场火灾,船上货物部分受损。

译文1:Part of the cargo on the ship was damaged in a fire.

译文2:Partial loss was incurred to the goods on board of the ship because of a fire.

译文3:Because of a fire,some cargoes on the ship were damaged.

解析:不管选择何种句式,原文中的“船上部分货物”似乎都可以看作一个中文地址,以“先大后小”的词序呈现,而译文有必要改作“先小后大”的词序。同时,“船上货物”采用的是介词短语作后置定语的形式。

例5:我省出口中的初级产品的比重依然很高,资源浪费较大。

译文:The proportion of the primary products in the exports of XX province is still too big,which follows a great deal of resource waste.

解析:“我省出口中的初级产品”同样可以看作是“先大后小”的词序,翻译时进行了词序调整。原文中的“资源浪费较多”属于“比重多大”的结果,原文保留了这一顺序。

例6:中国饮茶的风尚,到了七世纪的唐代,已经相当盛行了。

译文:By the seventh century of the Tang Dynasty,tea-drinking had become very popular in China.

解析:英语时间的排列也是从小单位到大单位,“唐朝”历经21 帝,延续了289年(公元618~907)。因此,不说the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century。

7.修饰语的换序

句子中经常出现多项修饰性的定语、状语等。汉语的修饰语比较固定,倾向于前置;英语修饰语的位置一般比较灵活,倾向于后置。很多英语修饰语后置的词序在译成汉语时要按照汉语的习惯重新安排顺序,不能拘泥于原先的后置语序。汉译英也是如此。

例7:他亲眼目睹了 ①美国 ②战后 ③第六次 ④后果严重的 ⑤波及各个领域的经济危机。

译文:He witnessed ③the sixth ②post-war economic crisis ④of serious consequence ⑤that prevailed in various fields ①in the USA.

例8:我公司 ①为此 ②于去年 ③二月 ④郑重地 ⑤多次 ⑥向贵公司解释……

译文:①For this reason,our company explained ④solemnly ⑥to your company ⑤many times ③in February ②last year ...

例9:我们 ①为顾全大局 ②于同年 ③秋末 ④在第三方的调停下 ⑤开诚布公地 ⑥多次 ⑦强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。

译文:④With the third party acting as an intermediary,①to take the interest of the whole into account,we ⑦strongly demand ⑤with frankness and sincerity ⑥many times ③at the end of the autumn ②of the same year that you should compensate all our losses.

二、句序的调整

语言的表达习惯是长期思维习惯的结果。汉英民族的思维习惯不同,因此表达习惯也不同,这是造成中国式英语的重要原因。在翻译过程中不能只拘泥于句子的语法形式而忽略表达习惯。当把一个句子由汉语翻译成英语时,首先应该考虑从整个句子所反映的思想内容出发进行逻辑上的考虑,确立相应的英文逻辑顺序。它并非词与词、句与句的简单对等,而是反映译者理解和接受意义的思维过程。因为有些句子翻译成英语后可能完全符合语法形式,但若仔细体会,不难察觉出汉英思维方式和表达习惯的不同。

1.汉语通常先叙述某件事情,再表达自己的感觉;而英语通常先说出感觉再叙事。

例10:未能实现本部门的目标,我觉得很难堪。

译文:I felt ashamed of failing to achieve the goal of my department.

例11:员工队伍庞大的公司出现了运行成本高、业务量不断萎缩的局面,举步维艰。

译文:Companies with a big staff find themselves squeezed between high operating costs and shrinking business.

例12:我们要求将数量增加至5 万吨,如果贵方能认真考虑我方要求,不胜感激。

译文:We would appreciate it very much if you could give serious thoughts to our request for increasing the quantity up to 50,000 tons.

例13:原打算五月份访华,后不得不推迟,深感失望。由于贵公司的努力,访问这么快得以重新安排,非常高兴。

译文:It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in May.I was delighted when,as a result of the effort of your company,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.

2.汉语往往先表述目的,再表达具体的措施;而英语一般需要做出调整,方可获得不一样的交际结果。

例14:为了促进汽车产业国际交流与合作,我司决定举办中国国际汽车零部件博览会。博览会定于11月29日至12月1日在北京中国国际展览中心举行。

译文:Our company plans to hold the first China International Auto Parts Expo at China International Exhibition Center in Beijing from November 29 to December 1,which aims at strengthening and boosting exchange and cooperation with the international auto industry.

解析:汉语陈述常把目的放在前面,尤为常见的便是“为了(推进、进一步加强,等等)……”,上例的开头(“为了促进”)本可译为For providing opportunities to ...。但究竟置于开头还是结尾,则往往要考虑语义重心上下文衔接、文体风格等因素。汉译英时可以适当调换顺序。

例15:广交会宁波交易团成员纷纷表示,由于欧美市场需求不足,这的确对外贸产生了不可忽视的影响。

译文:Insufficient demands from European and American markets have indeed made a notable impact on the foreign business at the moment.This was a consensus among Ningbo exhibitors at the fair in Guangzhou.

解析:汉语原文信息有主有次,一般都按自然时间顺序叙述;英语则有可能采用形合结构,以先近后远的顺序安排信息,比如,先说目标读者可能最感兴趣的内容,然后再说补充信息。

3.汉语中表示动词的词汇顺序与思维的次序一致,在英译时不必遵循汉语中的时间先后顺序,往往要根据语境的需要来安排。

例16:公司成立质量控制部门后,产品质量得到大幅提升。

译文:The establishment of the Quality Control Department has ensured the sharp improvement of the quality of the company's products.

例17:参观了位于茂物的国家博物馆和植物园后,我们就结束了这次的旅程。

译文:The National Museum and the Botanical Gardens at Bogor completed our visit.

汉语一般按事情发生的先后安排动词位置;英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句,各个时间从句的次序比较灵活,语序与时序常常不一致。比如:

例18:他本来在天津开会,会议一结束,他就上北京去度假了,昨天才坐飞机回来。

译文:He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation immediately after finishing the meeting involving him in Tianjin.

例19:如果说白天广州像座翡翠城,那么当太阳落下,广州就成了一颗夜明珠,灯光如海,千街闪烁。

译文:If Guangzhou is like a city of jadeite in the daytime,it becomes a luminous pearl,with a sea of lights twinkling in the streets after the sun set in the west.

4.在对事理的叙述上,通常情况下(补充说明算是例外情况),汉语表达多数情况是原因、条件、假设在前,结果在后(当句子中的关联词省略不用时,这一点体现得更明显);而在表示因果、条件、假设等逻辑关系的英语复合句中,因果顺序灵活。当然,具体条件下需要根据表达的重点和上下文的连贯性等因素来调整位置。比如:

例20:农民现在出售的新粮,含水量比较高,不适宜烘干储存,一般粮库不愿意收购。

译文:Most granaries are not willing to buy new grain,as it contains a higher percentage of water,and drying and storing can incur extra costs.

解析:翻译时,应该先译结果部分(一般粮库不愿意收购),然后再译原因(含水量比较高,不适宜烘干储存),并用as、for、because 来引导原因状语从句。译文中出现的can incur extra costs 属于合理的推测,算是有所变通,还可以表述为will take extra trouble。

例21:国际市场上的各种矿产资源价格近年来全线上涨,国内投资资源类企业的人大赚特赚。

译文:Domestic investors in resources-based businesses are making a killing as a result of the overall rise in the prices of mineral resources in international markets.

例22:由于受到最近降低优惠利率的刺激,香港股市价格开盘时就直线上扬。(www.xing528.com)

译文:Hong Kong stock market opened sharply higher,prompted by the latest reduction in the prime rate.

例23:由于工厂新近搬迁,可能还存在一些消防安全隐患。

译文1:There may still be hidden safety risks and dangers in the factory resulting from the recent locations.

译文2:Some hidden safety risks and dangers resulting from the recent relocations may still be found in the factory.

5.通常,汉语句式描述在前总结在后,而翻译成英语后变成总结在前,描述在后;或者说,汉语基本上按时间和事理顺序进行,而英语句式往往将最近发生的或重要的放在句首。

例24:根据世界知识产权组织(WIPO)发布的数据,2011年和2012年,中兴通讯国际专利PCT 申请量分别是2 826 件、3 906 件,连续两年居全球之首。

译文:Statistics released by the WIPO show that ZTE ranked first in PCT application with 2,826 and 3,096 patents in 2011 and 2012,respectively.

解析:上例中,汉语的描述是先描述事实,再总结出“居全球之首”这一重点,在译成英文时,把这一值得骄傲的重点信息放在了句子前面部分。

例25:父母亲为我们付出了很多,我们花时间和精力回报他们是应该的。

译文:It justifies the time and energy to repay our parents who have done so much for us.

例26:但凡有钱的单身汉,总要娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。

译文:It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of wife.

6.其他语法成分的换序:句子中有些语法成分,比如定语、状语、同位语、插入语,在汉译英时要根据表达的需要进行换序。

例27:他过去是工人,现在当了工程师。

译文:Formerly a worker himself,he is now an engineer.(同位语换序)

例28:他们从踏上祖国土地的时刻起,就受到了同胞们的热情接待。

译文:From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland,they were warmly received by their compatriots.(定语从句提前)

例29:万一有什么困难,请给我们一个信儿。

译文:Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.(状语从句后置)

例30:我看,我们得提前订票。

译文:We will have to book our tickets in advance,I'm afraid.(同位语前置)

例31:所有这些努力,到头来一无所获。

译文:Nothing was gained by all these efforts.(倒装部分后置)

例32:不获全胜,绝不轻言成功。

译文:No victory should be lightly/hastily announced until there is a complete win.(状语从句换序)

实战演练

一、翻译下列句子,注意语序的调整。

1.我们要稳定和完善宏观经济政策,确保经济运行在合理期间。

2.他们是些无地及少地的农民。

3.某些企业要关、停、并、转,或者减少生产任务。

4.公司如此对待老员工,我很生气

5.不达标不卫生的炊具餐具必须更换,将安排人员专门处理。

6.中国经济保持平稳较快发展,对世界经济发展无疑将是有利的。

7.这个规律无论在自然界、人类社会还是人类思维中,都普遍地起着作用。

8.(向审批机关报送下列正式文件:)合同副本(如系外文本,应当附合同中文译本)。

9.随着国际经济交易规模的扩大和几个世界大国的国际收支的严重失衡,客观上要求各国增加其外汇储备的总量。但总量的增加不是无限度的,必须保持一个适度水平,这就必须加强储备的总量管理。

10.完善新型农村合作医疗制度,加大政府投入力度,建立逐年递增的筹资机制,进一步提高农民医疗保障水平。

11.汉传媒(See Corporation Limited)主要从事娱乐及媒体业务,包括电影电视节目、音乐制作,以及艺人模特儿管理,并持有无铫网络电视5%权益,另外还涉足证券投资,停牌前市值为5.68 亿港元。

12.为了保证工程的完成,业主认为工地上承包商的雇员品行不端、不能胜任工作或有失职行为,可依照本合同,要求承包商将此人调离或更换。

13.展览会的一大特点是向消费者展示了国内外著名汽车企业最新款式、最新技术和最新概念的产品,展示了各大企业的轿车精品。

14.看看那些经济成功人士,他们都在某一方面有所擅长。唐纳德·特朗普是不动产专家,迈克尔·乔丹篮球专家,比尔·盖茨是计算机专家,安东尼·罗宾是激励专家,泰格·伍兹是高尔夫专家,布拉德·皮特是个表演专家,泰拉·班克斯是个模特专家,沃伦·巴菲特则是个投资专家。

15.贵方所需货物,目前无法供应,我方深感遗憾。现正另寻货源,一旦得以补充,欣然重议此事。

二、翻译下列段落。

如何克服当前出口低迷的局面?

近年来,许多中国出口厂商受到了亚洲金融危机的冲击。该地区许多国家的经济不景气引起消费市场萎缩,币值不稳使购买力下降。有的国家政局不定,经济动荡,贸易保护主义升级,外交摩擦抬头。这些使得对该地区的出口十分困难。我们必须采取有效措施来对付这种出口低迷的局面。

我们要大力推进外贸体制改革,走集团化的道路,组建以外贸为龙头的工贸、农贸、技贸相结合的企业集团,以增强企业的竞争力。老的大中型国有企业必须进行技术改造以增强活力,对有条件的大中型企业应授予其进出口经营权。工业企业自营出口这是我国外贸体制改革的一个重大步骤。

必须优化传统的出口商品结构,靠价格和数量竞争的时代已一去不复返了。在当今激烈竞争的世界上,只有以质取胜和改善售前、售后服务才能行得通。要通过精加工和深加工提高出口商品的附加值;要努力生产适销对路的名特优新产品和“拳头”产品打入国际市场。由于市场形势千变万化,出口产品必须不断地更新换代,做到你无我有,你有我优,胜人一筹。

要全方位地开拓国际市场,市场多元化是立于不败之地的关键。俗话说:“不能在一棵树上吊死。”在选择新辟市场时要权衡其风险与机会,并且要反应迅速;要随时跟踪市场变化情况,以便选择有利时机和地点抓紧出口。只有那些富有活力、洞察力和应变力的企业才能在市场景气时大显身手,而在市场萧条时也能站稳脚跟。当某些市场疲软时,总还有另一些市场坚挺,所以能够做到“东方不亮西方亮”。

出口商品必须有一流的品质、款式、包装和装潢,但行之有效的广告宣传和促销活动也很重要。尤其要提高用外语针对国外市场进行宣传的能力。赴国外参展,派人员出国推销,在国外建立生产或销售点,等等,一定要讲求实效。最后,引进国外的技术和资金以提高我国出口商品的质量和劳动生产率,通过加强管理降低成本,通过加强培训以提高人员的素质,等等,都是不可忽视的方面。通过落实各项优惠政策,搞好基础设施建设,完善配套服务,掀起一个吸引外资的新高潮。(摘自《中国翻译》,作者:丁衡祁)

注释:

①出口低迷 export slump

②币值不稳 teetering currency rate

③购买力 purchasing power

④政局不定,经济动荡,贸易保护主义升级,外交摩擦抬头 political instability,changing economic circumstances,mounting protectionist barriers or diplomatic rows

⑤外贸体制 foreign trade regime

⑥集团化 conglomeration

⑦以外贸为龙头 with foreign trade as the locomotive/flagship

⑧自营出口 orientation of industry towards the export market

⑨出口商品结构 makeup of export products

⑩靠价格和数量竞争 merchandise geared to price competition on mass market

⑪精加工和深加工 dynamic ETM approach—namely elaborately transformed manufacturing

⑫ 适销对路的名特优新产品 premium and novel products with a ready market

⑬“拳头”产品 “hard-hitting”/“knockout” items/products

⑭市场多元化 market diversification

⑮俗话说:“不能在一棵树上吊死。” In common parlance,it is unwise to “put all our eggs in one basket”.

⑯富有活力、洞察力和应变的企业 a dynamic,insightful and viable company

⑰东方不亮西方亮 to gain on the swings what might be lost on the roundabouts

⑱提高人员的素质 caliber of personnel

⑲优惠政策 preferential policies

延伸阅读

Consumers:The Wild,Wild East[1]

消费者:狂野东部

A booming middle class is creating the world's most dynamic consumer market

中产阶级的兴起正在造就世界上最具活力的消费市场

More than five centuries ago Christopher Columbus scrawled in his copy of Marco Polo's “Travels” that the Middle Kingdom would bring mercacciones innumeras (an immeasurable amount of commerce).Columbus never reached that promised land.China has continued to disappoint foreign businessmen ever since,not least because many ordinary Chinese people have been too poor to buy anything.

在五个多世纪之前,哥伦布在他阅读的那本《马可波罗行纪》中潦草地写道,中土之国将带来无尽商机。哥伦布从未达到这片乐土。从那时起,中国一直令外国商人倍感失望,主要是因为很多普通中国人太穷,啥也买不起。

That is changing as the country's middle class is growing explosively.In 2010 mainstream consumers—those with enough money to buy cars,fridges and phones but not Rolls-Royces—made up less than a tenth of urban households.In a new forecast,McKinsey predicts that by 2020 they will make up well over half.BCG reckons that urban private consumption will rise from $3.2 trillion today to $5.6 trillion in 2020.

随着中国中产阶级的爆发性增长,这种局面正在改变。2010年,主流消费者在城市家庭中不足十分之一,这些消费者能买得起手机、冰箱及汽车——当然不是劳斯莱斯。在新的预测中,麦肯锡认为到2020年,他们将占到一半以上。波士顿咨询(BCG)认为,城市私人消费将从如今的3.2 万亿美元提升到2020年的5.6 万亿美元。

Apple expects China soon to become a bigger market for its products than America.In the quarter ending in June,its sales in greater China were 112% up on the same period a year earlier.Six of its ten busiest stores across the globe are in China.At the height of the recent turmoil in the Chinese stockmarkets,Apple's boss,Tim Cook,reassured investors that “I continue to believe China represents an unprecedented opportunity over the long term.”Apple's shares bounced back.

苹果公司预期中国很快会成为比美国更大的苹果产品消费市场。在截至6月的第二季度,它在大中华区的销售额比去年同期增长了112%。苹果全球最繁忙的十家专卖店有六家在中国。在近期中国股市动荡最剧烈之时,苹果的老板蒂姆·库克(Tim Cook)安抚投资者说:“我仍然相信,从长期看,中国有着前所未有的机会。”苹果的股价应声反弹。

Where should intrepid marketers go to capitalise on these riches? The wealthy east coast is now widely believed to be saturated,which suggests that firms should head inland.The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU),a sister firm of this newspaper,recently pinpointed the top emerging cities,based on forecasts for things like long-term growth in population and disposable income.It found that a few inland cities like Chongqing and Chengdu are indeed attractive,but many excellent prospects remain in the east.Obscure but booming cities within reasonable distance of the coast,like Suqian and Xuzhou,are likely to do well,and lucrative niches remain even in well-established magnets such as Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

英勇无畏的生意人应该在哪些地方的富人中掘金?普遍的看法是,富庶的东部沿海地区已经饱和,因此企业应该进军内地。最近,根据对人口和可支配收入长期增长等因素的预测,本刊的姊妹公司经济学人智库(EIU)列出了最重要的新兴城市。它发现,像重庆和成都这样的内陆城市确实极具吸引力,但东部地区仍然大有可为。与沿海地区距离合理、不太出名却蓬勃发展的城市,如宿迁和徐州,很有可能表现不俗。甚至是在北上广深这样发展已久的一线城市内也仍然存在有利可图的利基市场。

As the middle class expands,so it evolves.Some may grow tired of blingy offerings,but millions of others will try their first Western brand this year.“Every three years a new generation is created here,” explains Charles Hayes of Ideo,a consultancy.Even within cities,consumer groups are highly segmented.Donald Blair of Nike,an American sportswear giant,says his firm maps consumer behaviour here “by shopping district and even by street”,so it can customise offerings and outlets.

随着中产阶级队伍的扩大,它也在进化。一些人可能已开始厌烦浮华的产品,但仍有数以百万计的人会在今年第一次尝鲜西方品牌。“在这里,每三年就会产生新的一代。”咨询公司Ideo 的查尔斯·海耶斯(Charles Hayes)解释说。即使在城市里,消费群体也要高度细分。美国运动服饰巨头耐克的唐纳德·布莱尔(Donald Blair)表示,在中国,该公司“按商业区,甚至按街道”来测定消费者的行为,这样它才能按需定制产品,设立门店。

A big winner has been China's e-commerce,a market that is now larger than America's.Forrester,another consulting firm,expects gross merchandise value in this sector to exceed $1 trillion by 2019.Outside the big cities bricks-and-mortar stores are thinner on the ground,so online shopping is becoming increasingly important.Even where shops are readily accessible,consumers often go “showrooming”,looking at goods in physical outlets but buying them more cheaply online.This is happening the world over,but in China the trend has been accentuated by the ubiquity of smartphones,the reliability of online-payment systems and the spread of same-day delivery services.

中国的电子商务成了大赢家,这一市场如今已大过美国。另一家咨询公司Forrester预计,到2019年,电商的年度成交总额将超过一万亿美元。在大城市以外,街头的实体店较少,因此网络购物正变得愈加重要。即使是在进店购物很方便的地方,消费者也经常是在实体店浏览商品,而在网上以更便宜的价格入手。这在全世界都一样,但在中国,无处不在的智能手机、可靠的在线支付体系,以及当天送达服务的普及,都加强了这一趋势。

How would you like your shirt?

你想要什么样的衬衫?

This poses a grave threat to old-fashioned retailers.Li & Fung,a supply-chain firm based in Hong Kong,pioneered global outsourcing two decades ago.It has over 3,000 outlets,a third of them in China.Victor Fung,its honorary chairman,sees the era of mass production giving way to one of mass customisation.Markets are fragmenting and smartphones are empowering consumers to get “directly involved in what they buy,where it is made and how they buy it”.Zhao Xiande of CEIBS in Shanghai points to Red Collar,a firm that used simply to make and export garments.Now it lets customers the world over design their own shirts online and makes them to order.Another outfit,Home Koo,offers custom-built furniture online.

这让传统零售商面临重大威胁。香港供应链公司利丰(Li & Fung)20年前就开始率先探索全球外包。它拥有3 000 多家门店,其中三分之一在中国。其荣誉主席冯国经认为大批量生产的时代正让位于大规模定制的时代。市场日渐分化,而智能手机让消费者能够“直接参与到自己买什么、在哪里制造,以及如何购买当中去”。上海中欧国际工商学院的赵先德以红领服饰为例,这家公司过去只是制造和出口成衣。现在,它让世界各地的消费者在线设计自己的衬衫并下单定制。另一家公司尚品宅配则提供在线家具定制。

All this e-commerce is producing some remarkable business-model innovations.Thanks to the convergence of mobile commerce and social media,observes Miles Young,chairman of Ogilvy & Mather,an advertising firm,China is the world's epicentre of “social commerce”.Studies by BCG show that Chinese consumers are much more likely than American or European ones to interact with brands through social media.

所有这类电子商务正在孕育出非凡的商业模式创新。得益于移动电子商务和社交媒体的交汇,中国已是世界“社交电子商务”这场强震的震中,广告公司奥美的董事长杨名皓(Miles Young)表示。波士顿咨询的研究显示,相比欧美消费者,中国消费者通过社交媒体与品牌互动的可能性大得多。

To try to keep up with all these changes,Mr Fung has kitted out a shopping mall in Shanghai with technologies from IBM that allow detailed tracking of shoppers on site and online.Known as the “Explorium”,it allows retailers to experiment with various multi-channel business models and promotions.Digital disruption challenges retailers everywhere,he says,but in his view China is the most promising place to look for answers.

为了迎头赶上所有这些变化,冯国经在上海的购物中心采用了IBM 的技术,可以在现场和网上详细跟踪购物者。这就是利程坊,在这里零售商可以试验各种多渠道商业模式和促销。冯国经说,各地零售商都面临数字化颠覆的挑战,但他认为,要寻找答案,中国是最合适的地方。

Chinese consumers are fast becoming the world's most discriminating and knowledgeable.They are also quite brand licentious.The choice of top global brands there is much wider than in America,Europe or Japan.This has resulted in fierce competition,pushing firms to come up with ever more inventive offerings.Audi developed longer saloon cars to cater to wealthy Chinese with chauffeurs,which are now sold globally.Chinese consumers prefer pulpy juices,so Coca-Cola modified its juice formulations; Minute Maid Pulpy is now a billion-dollar global brand.Even Apple's Mr.Cook says his company takes Chinese tastes into account when it designs new products for the world.

中国消费者正在快速成长为世界上最有鉴赏力和见识的群体。他们对品牌并不忠诚。这里的世界顶级品牌选择远比美国、欧洲和日本更多。这导致了激烈竞争,迫使公司想出更别出心裁的产品。奥迪开发了加长款豪华轿车以迎合有司机的中国富人,这一车型如今已在全球销售。中国消费者偏爱果肉果汁,可口可乐就为此改良了果汁配方。现在,美汁源已成为价值数十亿美元的全球品牌。即使是苹果的库克也说,他的公司在为全世界设计新产品时会考虑中国人的口味。

Mr Young believes that China is leading the world in bringing together the “internet of things” (which connects machines to each other) with the internet used by people.Firms such as Suning,an electronics retailer,Haier and Xiaomi are all connecting smart gadgets with consumers through WeChat and other social media.This seems to be happening more quickly in China than in the West.

杨名皓认为,在把“物联网”(把各种设备连接起来)和人们所使用的互联网相融合方面,中国正在引领世界。像电器零售商苏宁,以及海尔、小米等公司,都在通过微信和其他社交媒体把各种智能设备与消费者相连接。这种趋势在中国似乎比在西方发展更快。

Are you being served?

你在享受服务吗?

Much of this new economy is moving on from supplying goods to providing services.In most rich countries services make up at least three-quarters of GDP,but in China they account for only half.The rising middle class is demanding better services in everything from health care to finance to entertainment.Both foreign and local investors are rushing in to fill the gap.

这一新经济的很大部分正从提供产品转向提供服务。在大多数富裕国家,服务业至少占到GDP 的四分之三,但在中国,这一比例只有一半。崛起的中产阶级在各方面都要求更好的服务,从医疗保健到金融服务,再到休闲娱乐。外国和本土投资者都蜂拥而至,填补空白。

Kai-fu Lee of Innovation Works believes that service startups are capable of creating billion-dollar industries.He points to Helijia,a firm valued at $300m that provides pedicures in people's homes.“They can train workers affordably; Chinese love getting pampered; and our urban density allows this… you can't do this in Kansas.” His firm is funding firms delivering services ranging from haircuts to car maintenance.

创新工场的李开复认为,服务业创业公司能够形成多个数十亿美元的产业。他以河狸家为例,这家提供上门美甲服务的公司估值为3 亿美元。“他们以合理的成本培训工人。中国人乐于享受,中国的城市密度也方便上门服务……你不可能在堪萨斯这样干。”创新工场为从理发到汽车保养的一系列服务型企业提供融资。

Jean Liu,president of Didi Kuaidi,thinks the sharing economy will allow scarce resources to be used more efficiently.Her ride-sharing firm counts both Tencent and Alibaba as investors.It offers everything from fancy cars and taxis to shuttle buses and car pools—or even someone on a bicycle to drive you home in your own car.It clocks up 6m rides a day,far outpacing Uber.

滴滴快的的总裁柳青认为共享经济将可以更有效地利用稀缺资源。她的乘车共享公司背后的投资者包括腾讯和阿里巴巴。该公司提供各类服务,从豪华车到出租车,从班车到拼车,甚至可以安排人骑自行车赶来提供代驾。它每日订单达600 万,远超优步。

Neusoft,based in Shenyang,a city in China's gritty industrial north-east,was started in 1991 with just $3,000 by Liu Jiren,an erstwhile academic.It is now one of China's biggest IT-services providers.Having created a computer operating system that quickly got ripped off,his firm nearly went under.That taught him the value of protecting intellectual property.When he was a visiting scholar at an American government laboratory,he noticed that academics worked closely with corporate researchers.That inspired him to invest heavily in R&D.Among many other things,Neusoft makes systems that allow medical records to be viewed on mobiles.It is also developing a shared-services business model for medical equipment that will allow users to pay by transaction.

1991年,从前是大学教授的刘积仁以区区3 000 美元起家,在中国多沙的传统工业区东北的沈阳市创建了东软集团。该公司如今是中国最大的IT 服务供应商之一。东软曾经开发出一套计算机操作系统,很快就被剽窃,公司几乎破产,这让刘积仁知道了保护知识产权的价值。还在美国的一个政府实验室做访问学者时,他就注意到了那里的学者和企业的研发人员密切合作。受此启发,他大量投资于研发。东软开发的很多产品中包括可以在手机上查看病历的系统。另一种医疗设备共享服务的商业模式也在开发之中,它让用户可以按交易付费。

What helped Neusoft take off,says Mr Liu,was that there were no SOEs to block new software firms.“The Chinese state today is technologically sophisticated… but that was not the case at the start of the IT boom,” says Mr Liu.

刘积仁认为,东软能够起飞,是因为当时没有国有企业阻碍新软件公司。刘积仁说:“现在中国政府在技术上很有经验……但在IT 刚刚兴起时不是这样。”

【注释】

[1]摘自《英语世界》,http://yingyushijie.com/business/detail/id/5126/category/45.html。

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